5. Implied Powers The Congress shall have power …To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Necessary and Proper Clause Article I, Section 8
11. Getting into Congress: Practical Requirements From www.sportslogos.net , www.sportsillustrated.cnn.com , www.alhazan.com, profile.myspace.com
12. Getting into Congress: Practical Requirements From www.flagandbanner.com Political parties matter in multiple ways: - Only candidates from the two major parties can win most elections - If one party is dominate in a district, it is difficult to win from even the other major party
13. Getting into Congress: Practical Requirements From www.tull.no Running against a well-know and powerful opponent often generates an unfair fight.
14. Getting into Congress: Practical Requirements The recent Congressional elections show the importance of timing. Some incumbents lost reelection in relatively safe districts because of popular dissatisfaction.
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16. Reapportionment and Redistricting The assigning by Congress of congressional seats after each census. State legislatures reapportion state legislative districts The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population Reapportionment Redistricting
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20. Apportionment and the Courts The U.S. Supreme Court originally declared issues of apportionment to be a “political thicket” that the courts should stay out of
28. Texas Redistricting Battle House Majority Leader Tom Delay worked with Republican state legislative leaders to increase the number of Republican congressional districts in Texas from fifteen to twenty-two
29. Affirmative Racial Gerrymandering Affirmative Racial Gerrymandering Drawing district boundary lines to maximize minority representation
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