1. MySQL Proxy
Making MySQL more flexible
Jan Kneschke
jan@mysql.com

2. MySQL Proxy
proxy­servers forward requests to backends
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and can
transform, handle or block them
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released under the GPL
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see http://forge.mysql.com/wiki/MySQL_Proxy
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developed as part of the Enterprise Tools since
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February 2007

3. Design Decisions
goal is to be transparent to the application layer
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supports all platforms and languages
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designed to handle thousands of parallel
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connections (c10k)
uses a embedded scripting language for
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customizations

4. Transparency
SHOW WARNINGS can be worked around with
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Query Injection
SELECT USER() shows the connected user
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(the proxy, not the client) which can be
corrected with result­set rewriting
host auth against the MySQL server
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5. Latency
early tests via localhost
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same script run directly and through the proxy
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latency per mysql­packet: 0.4ms
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ping RTT on 1Gbit: 0.1ms
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6. Load Balancing
load balancing distributes the load across
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several slaves
Shortest Queue First is default
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send new connections to the server with the least
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number of open connections

7. Fail Over
dead host are detected
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taking out of load balancing for 2min
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uses custom load balancers to decide how to
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handle a dead host
hot + standby
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uses load balancing
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8. Removing SPoF
one Proxy == Single Point of Failure
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use external Heartbeat (linuxha.org) or
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2 LB proxies + 1 Host Selecting Proxy per
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application server

9. Failsafe Load Balancing

10. Flexibility
proxy embeds LUA
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allows analyzing and manipulating packets
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Inspection
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Rewriting
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Blocking
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Injection
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11. LUA
PiL http://lua.org/manual/5.1/
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embedded, simple, efficient
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can do OO­like programming
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has scalars, tables, metatables and anonymous
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functions

12. Query Rewriting
Macro Packages (ls, cd, who, ...)
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tagging queries with SQL_CACHE
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migrating table­names and SQL dialects
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turn EXPLAIN UPDATE|DELETE into
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equivalent EXPLAIN SELECT

13. Query Profiling
SHOW SESSION STATUS around a Query
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Exec_time: 6749 us
.. Handler_read_rnd_next = 252
.. Handler_write = 252
.. Select_scan = 1

14. Query Statistics
Normalize Queries to track query usage
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Count Table and Index usage
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Optimize Query Cache Usage by injecting
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SQL_CACHE in cachable queries
see lib/analyze­queries.lua
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15. Auditing
Diagnostic Auditing
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track which user+ip run which query or
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accessed which objects when
assign query­costs
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log gathered information in a central place
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see lib/auditing.lua
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16. Global Transaction ID
Inject a counter in all transactions
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Answers questions like
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which slave is most current
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can I read from this slave, or do I have to read from
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master
you name it
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17. Connection Pooling
reusing open connections between proxy and
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server
reduces concurrency on the MySQL Server
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external connection pool for PHP
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18. Statement Routing
split the query stream into reading and writing
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READs go to the slaves
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WRITEs and transactions to the master
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automatic scale­out
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sharding
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19. Tokenizer
turns a SQL query into a token stream
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not a full parser, just a tokenizer for speed
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reasons
understands KEYWORDS, /*comments*/,
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“strings”, 123 and `literals`
later we'll add support for SQL modes
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20. normalizing Queries
1: { TK_SQL_SELECT, select }
2: { TK_STAR, * }
3: { TK_SQL_FROM, from }
4: { TK_LITERAL, t1 }
5: { TK_SQL_WHERE, where }
6: { TK_LITERAL, id }
7: { TK_EQ, = }
8: { TK_INTEGER, 1 }
normalized query: SELECT * FROM `t1` WHERE
`id` = ?

21. Libraries
auto­config parser
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SET GLOBAL ... extract tablenames
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balance tokenizer
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load balancers normalize()
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cleanup queries
commands –
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parse MySQL
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Command Packets

22. Internals – LUA scripting
proxy.* is the namespace
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proxy.connection.* is the current
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connection
proxy.backends[...] are the backends
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proxy.global.* is the global table
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proxy.global.config.* is used for the
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config

23. Internals ­ Scope
Each connection has its own script scope
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proxy.global.* to share data between
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connections
use local to make variables local to the
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function
use package.seeall() to export functions
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from modules

24. Internals ­ Threading
the global scope and threading don't play nice
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by default
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/professional/lua
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patches lua to apply mutexes around variable
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access

25. Internals – Script Cache
0.6.0 we reload the script on each connection
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start
adding a script cache with mtime check
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lua_pushvalue(L, ­1) does the trick
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26. Roadmap
to be released 0.6.0
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tokenizer
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read­write splitting
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Query Statistics
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later
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parallel Queries
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proxy initiates connections
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27. LUA ­ Gotchas
only false and nil are !true, 0 is true
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to say “not equal” you use ~=
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there are no shortcuts
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no a++, no a *= 4, ...
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no a > b ? a : b (there is “(a > b) and a or b)
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