by - Manish Myst B.E. E&C 2011 batch shri sant gadge baba college of engg & tech, bhusawal SSGBCOET

1. Nanotechnology:
Enabling technologies for innovation
Authors :
Dr.Preeti Agarwal Ms.Vishranti Raut Mr.Gaurav Pande
Director, G.H.Raisoni Lecturer Network Administrator
Institute of Information Technology Global Business School, G.H.Raisoni Institute of
Jalgaon Jalgaon Information Technology, Jalgaon
Mob.No-9822556672 Mob. No- 9422501461 Mob.No-9420350172
E-mail: -vishranti_raut E-mail: - gaurav.it07@gmail.com
@rediffmail.com

2. example fuel cells, fabrics or drug delivery
devices. What brings them together is the
natural convergence of all basic sciences
(Biology, physics and chemistry) at the
Abstract molecular level. [5]
Enhanced abilities to understand and
manipulate matter at the molecular and atomic Nanotechnology (NT) is the
levels promise a wave of significant new production and use of materials with
technologies over the next five decades. purposely-engineered features close to the
Dramatic breakthroughs will occur in diverse atomic or molecular scale. NT deals with
areas such as medicine, communications, putting things together atom by- atom and with
computing, energy, and robotics. These structures so small they are invisible to the
changes will generate large amounts of wealth naked eye. It provides the ability to create
and force wrenching changes in existing materials, devices and systems with
markets and institutions. [3] fundamentally new functions and
properties.[2]
This paper discusses the range of
sciences currently covered by nanotechnology. Unifying themes of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of Because nanotechnology is classified
objects on the atomic level. Products will be by the size of the materials being developed
built with every atom in the right place, and used, the products of this engineering can
allowing materials to be lighter, stronger, have little in common with each other for
smarter, cheaper, cleaner, and more precise example fuel cells, fabrics or drug delivery
[7]. It begins with a description of what devices. What brings them together is the
nanotechnology is and how it relates to natural convergence of all basic sciences at the
scientific advances. It then describes the most molecular level. At this level, these diverse
likely development of different technologies in fields are unified by the following common
a variety of fields. [3] themes:
Introduction - 1.Characterisation tools — To be able to
Nanotechnology (NT) is the examine and see the nanostructures or the
production and use of materials at the smallest building blocks of nanomaterials,
possible scale i.e. 100 nanometers or less. characterisation tools such as X-ray
[4] Nanotechnology is a word that includes diffraction, Synchrotron, Scanning and
both a scale (nano) and a technology [2]. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning
Nanotechnology is engineering at the Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopy are
molecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the powerful tools across disciplines.
collective term for a range of technologies,
techniques and processes that involve the 2.Nanoscale science — Because the properties
manipulation of matter at the smallest scale for of materials change in unexpected ways at the
example, the width of an average hair is from nanoscale, the science of understanding the
1 to 100 nanometers 1/10,000th the behavior of molecules at this scale is critical to
thickness of a human hair. the rational design and control of
nanostructures for all product applications.
At this very small scale, the properties of
materials such as colour, magnetism and the 3.Molecular level computations —
ability to conduct electricity change in Computation technologies such as quantum
unexpected ways. This results in new, exciting mechanical calculations, molecular
and different characteristics that can generate a simulations and statistical mechanics are
vast array of novel products. essential to the understanding of all nanoscale
phenomena and molecular interactions.
Because nanotechnology is classified by the
size of the materials being developed and 4. Fabrication and processing technology —
used, the products of this engineering can have Many nanoparticles, powders and suspensions
little in common with each other for can be directly applied in paints, cosmetics,

3. and therapeutics. However, other National Science Foundation predicts that
nanomaterials must be assembled and nano-related goods and services could be a $1
fabricated into components and devices. In trillion market by 2015.This often-repeated
addition, processing techniques such as sol- figure seems to have little analytical basis.[4]
gel, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal It seems that nanotechnology has begun to
treatment, and milling are common techniques. blossom in the last ten years, this is largely
[5] due to the development of new instruments
that allow researchers to observe and
Main Approaches- manipulate matter at the nano level.
Two main approaches used in nanotechnology Technologies such as scanning tunneling
are as follows microscopy, magnetic force microscopy, and
1. Bottom Up electron microscopy allow scientists to
2. Top Down observe events at the atomic level.
In the "bottom-up" approach, During the first period products will
materials and devices are built from molecular take advantage of the passive properties of
components which assemble themselves nano materials, including nanotubes and
chemically by principles of molecular nanolayers.
recognition. For example,
In the "top-down" approach, nano- Titanium dioxide used in sunscreens,
objects are constructed from larger entities when broken down into nanoparticles it
without atomic-level control. becomes transparent to visible light,
eliminating the white cream appearance.
Tennis rackets containing them
promise to deliver greater stiffness without
additional weight.
Yarn that is coated with a nanolayer of
material can be woven into stain-resistant
clothing.
Each of these products takes
advantage of the unique property of a material
when it is manufactured at a nanoscale.
However, in each case the nanomaterial itself
A very common example of Top remains static once it is encapsulated into the
Down nanotechnology is the memory chip in product. [3]
today s high storage capacity USB memory
devices. The individual tracks in the memory
chip are less than 100nm in width, and these
devices are easily available on the market.
In an example of bottom-up research
IBM have announced a program to develop
memory devices based on single molecules.[2]
Rapid Development in Nanotechnology-
The current age is characterized by
accelerating technological development, and
NT is developing astonishingly with rapid
swift. The field was not identified until 1959,
when Nobel physicist Richard Feynman called
attention to the opportunities in the realm of NT particles potentially can penetrate
the staggeringly small . In 2001, Science deep into the lungs when inhaled, may be
magazine named NT the: Breakthrough of the absorbed through the skin, and may be
year. Currently, there are several hundred circulated throughout the entire human body
different commercial applications of NT. The once they get into any single part of the body.

4. Nanotechnology has indeed promised
a great future for humanity. However, the
down side of the technology should not be
neglected. In order to prevent any threat to the
society, it is crucial that nanotechnology is
developed under acceptable standards with
regard to ethical and social considerations.[1]
Nanotechnology can be viewed in variety of
fields- 2. Nanopowders:
The science, engineering, and technology Nanopowders contain particles less
related to the understanding and control of than 100 nm in size (1/10,000th the thickness
matter at the length scale of approximately 1 of a human hair). The physical, chemical and
to 100 nanometers. However, nanotechnology biological properties of such small particles
is not merely working with matter at the allow industry to incorporate enhanced
nanoscale, but also research and development functionalities into products.
of materials, devices, and systems that have
novel properties and functions due to their
nanoscale dimensions or components .[3]
In actual fact, the possibilities for
nanotechnology are endless. With sufficiently
fine tools, scientists can control
nanosystems and use them to mop up
pollution, store information, target cancer cells
and even build motors for cars too small to be
seen with the naked eye. [1]
Nanotechnology is not new. Nanoproducts
are already in the marketplace, such as 3. Membranes:
stain resistant and wrinkle-free textiles. Nanotechnology can address one of
But because it transcends the the most pressing issues of the 21st Century —
conventional boundaries between basic “safe, clean and affordable water .
sciences, nanotechnology has the There are 1.3 billion people without
potential to transform the way we live. access to safe drinking water and indications
are that global consumption of water will
1.Medical Science: likely double in the next 20 years.
The advantages of tiny technology are Nanomembrane filtration devices
perhaps most apparent in medicine. Smaller that clean the polluted water , are being
foreign mechanical devices will be able to explored by research teams in the US, Israel
reach the places where the larger equivalents and Australia at various prosperous research
can t. centers
For instance,
_Miniature Dialysis-machine: kidney failure,
_Radiation therapy: in cancer treatment,
_Nano-robot: inside human vein to remove
block from the blood vessel. [2]

5. possibilities, which upset those benefiting
4. Carbon nanotubes: from the status quo. [3]
Strong but light carbon nanotubes It is difficult to predict,
are being developed for a raft of uses, such as _The social and ethical implication of
sensors, fuel cells, computers and televisions. technologies,
The applications of nanotubes are set _The impacts of use of nanotechnology
to expand even further now that scientists have _The business decisions of product s
found that other materials besides carbon can marketing.
form nanotubes.
The historical development of the
science and the business of nanotubes are
illustrated in the following chart.
These few examples illustrate the
substantial social and economic benefit that
nanotechnology should bring, but also the
potential negative outcomes across society and
5. Molecular electronics: to both developed and developing nations.[5]
Hewlett-Packard (world's biggest
computer companies) declared on 1 February Challenges
2005 that, it is on the verge of a revolution in Challenges faced by Nanotechnology are
computer chip technology . They believe that as follows:
tiny nanotechnology devices described, as
cross bar latches will replace silicon
computer chips. These molecular-scale Nanoparticles and products may affect
alternatives to the transistor should nature, natural systems and human health
dramatically improve the performance of which is great concern to environmentalists.
computers because they are much smaller
only 2 or 3 nm in size compared with 90 nm Transforming the micro scale systems with
for transistors and they can store memory the nano scale systems is the biggest
for much longer periods. [5] problem.
Building self-replicating, learning machines
from much smaller structures are confronted.
It is also equally important to understand the
relation of nanotechnology to other
technologies.
To produce more highly optimized nano-scale
products than nature has already achieved in
Social and Ethical issues arises from small organisms.
Nanotechnology-
Though technology has brought great
Understanding self-assembly which are the
benefits to human society, people has a
properties of some molecules to arrange
love/hate relationship with new advances.
themselves into a desired pattern or devices.
This is partially because new
technology always creates new economic

6. To improve one s control over how things 4. J. Clarence Davies.: Managing the
are built, so that products can be of the effects of Nanotechnology.
highest quality and cause the lowest 5. An independent working group for the
environmental degradation. Prime Minister s Science, Engineering
and Innovation Council (PMSEIC):
Nanotechnology Enabling
Need for packing and protection from technologies for Australian innovative.
environment for the nanoproducts is also a
March 2005.
big challenge.
6. Jason Montesanto February 27, 2001. :
Future of Nanotechnology
Conclusion 7. Allison Starr AE 510: An Introduction
Nanotechnologies are starting to have
to Nanotechnoloy: The Development
an impact on our everyday lives. It is possible
and Future of this Revolutionary
that nanotechnology will create whole new
Science. November 9, 2001.
industry through disruptive technologies. The
8. IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW The
working group identified the need for
Institution of Electronics and
government and non-government initiatives to
Telecommunication Engineers : 1
catalyze the significant effort. As the JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2007
development of nanotechnology progresses in 9. Hugh Lacey : Ethics and Development
several disciplines including basic science, of Nanotechnology
computer scientists must be aware of their
roles and brace themselves for the greater
advancement of nanotechnology in the future.
Mechanisms needed to support and
strengthen nanotechnology industry, will also
require a full complement of infrastructure
such as characterization tools, nanoscale
science, molecular level computations and
fabrication and processing technology.
It is crucial that we have in place the
appropriate frameworks for coordination,
regulation, training and education to ensure
successful industry uptake and to address the
issues at the research, industry and community
levels. The development of a comprehensive
impact and risk analysis framework must be
seen as a high priority.
References
1. Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong and
Peter J. Bentley.: Computer Science
for Nanotechnology: Needs and
Opportunities.
2. Prof. Erol Harvey at the COMS07
meeting held in Melbourne.: A brief
introduction to Micro and Nano
Technologies. Sept 2-6, 2007
3. Jim Saxton (R-NJ), Ranking Member
Joint Economic Committee United
States Congress.: Nanotechnology:
The Future is Coming Sooner Than
You Think. March 2007