This document discusses Android internals and provides an overview of the Android stack. It describes the Linux kernel, Dalvik VM, app framework, and native development kit. It also covers how to debug Android apps using tools like LogCat, the debugger, and TraceView. The document aims to explain how Android works under the hood and the various options for native development.

1. Android
Internals
Marko
Gargenta
Marakana

2. Agenda
• Android
Stack
• Opera6ng
System
Features
• Working
with
Hardware
• Android
Startup
&
Run6me
• Na6ve
Development
Kit
• Debugging
• Summary

3. ANDROID
STACK

4. The
Stack

5. Linux
Kernel
Android runs on Linux. Applications
Home Contacts Phone Browser Other
Linux provides as well as:
Hardware abstraction layer Application Framework
Memory management Activity Window Content View
Process management
Manager Manager Providers System
Package Telephony Resource Location Notiication
Networking Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager
Libraries
Users never see Linux sub system Surface Media
SQLite Android Runtime
Manager Framework
Core Libs
The adb shell command opens OpenGL FreeType WebKit
Delvik
Linux shell SGL SSL libc
VM
Display Camera Linux Kernel Flash Binder
Driver Driver Driver Driver
Keypad WiFi Audio Power
Driver Driver Driver Mgmt

6. Na6ve
Libraries
Bionic, a super fast and small Applications
GPL-based libc library optimized Home Contacts Phone Browser Other
for embedded use
Application Framework
Surface Manager for composing Activity Window Content View
window manager with off-screen Manager Manager Providers System
buffering
Package Telephony Resource Location Notiication
Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager
Libraries
2D and 3D graphics hardware Surface Media
SQLite Android Runtime
support or software simulation
Manager Framework
Core Libs
OpenGL FreeType WebKit
Delvik
Media codecs offer support for SGL SSL libc
VM
major audio/video codecs
Display Camera Linux Kernel Flash Binder
Driver Driver
SQLite database
Driver Driver
Keypad WiFi Audio Power
Driver Driver Driver Mgmt
WebKit library for fast HTML
rendering

7. Dalvik
Dalvik VM is Google’s implementation of Java
Optimized for mobile devices
Key Dalvik differences:
Register-based versus stack-based VM
Dalvik runs .dex files
More efficient and compact implementation
Different set of Java libraries than SDK

8. Android
and
Java

9. Applica6on
Framework
Activation manager controls the life Applications
cycle of the app Home Contacts Phone Browser Other
Content providers encapsulate data Application Framework
that is shared (e.g. contacts) Activity Window Content View
Manager Manager Providers System
Package Telephony Resource Location Notiication
Resource manager manages Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager
everything that is not the code Libraries
Surface Media
SQLite Android Runtime
Manager Framework
Location manager figures out the Core Libs
location of the phone (GPS, GSM,
OpenGL FreeType WebKit
Delvik
WiFi) SGL SSL libc
VM
Notification manager for events Display
Driver
Camera
Driver
Linux Kernel Flash
Driver
Binder
Driver
such as arriving messages, Keypad WiFi Audio
Driver
Power
Mgmt
Driver Driver
appointments, etc

10. Applica6ons

11. OPERATING
SYSTEM
FEATURES

12. File
System
The file system has three main mount points. One
for system, one for the apps, and one for whatever.
Each app has its own sandbox easily accessible to
it. No one else can access its data. The sandbox is
in /data/data/com.marakana/
SDCard is expected to always be there. It’s a good
place for large files, such as movies and music.
Everyone can access it.

13. Security
Each Android application Android Application
runs inside its own Linux
process. Linux Process
Additionally, each application
has its own sandbox file File
system with its own set of Prefs
DB System
preferences and its own
database.
Other applications cannot
access any of its data,
unless it is explicitly shared.

14. WORKING
WITH
HARDWARE

15. Camera
Android SDK supports access to
built-in Camera and its preview.
You can access real-time frames,
or get a callback when shutter is
open. The photo data is passed
back in either raw or jpeg format.

16. WiFi
WiFi API allows for managing your
connection, scanning for active WiFi
points and find out details about each.

17. Telephony
With Telephony API, you can:
Make phone calls
Monitor phone state and activity
Access phone properties and status
Monitor data connectivity
Control the phone
It is a simple yet powerful API

18. ANDROID
STARTUP
&
RUNTIME

19. Startup
Walkthrough

20. Run6me
Overview

21. Layer
Interac6ons
There are three main
scenarios for your app to talk
to native library:
- Directly
- Via native service
- Via native daemon
It will depend on the type of
app and type of native library
which method works best.

22. App
–
Run6me
Service
-­‐
Lib

23. App
–
Run6me-­‐Na6ve
Service-­‐Lib

24. App–Run6me–Na6ve
Daemon-­‐Lib

25. Binder
IPC
High-performance IPC: shared memory, per-process thread pool, synchronous

26. Java
Na6ve
Interface
JNI defines naming and coding
convention so that Java VM can find
and call native code.
JNI is built into JVM to provide
access to OS I/O and others.

27. Building
and
Running
JNI
Code

28. NATIVE
DEVELOPMENT
KIT

29. What’s
in
NDK?
Tools to build and compile your native code for the device
architecture (such as ARM)
A way to package your library into the APK file so you can
distribute your application easily
A set of native system headers that will be supported for
the future releases of Android platform (libc, libm, libz,
liblog, JNI headers, some C++ headers, and OpenGL)
(some) documentation, sample code and examples

30. Why
NDK?
NDK allows you to develop parts of your Android
application in C/C++.
You cannot develop native-only apps in NDK –
your app is still subject to security sandboxing.
Main motivation for native code is performance.

31. Using
NDK

32. DEBUGGING
ANDROID
APPS

33. LogCat
The universal, most
versatile way to track
what is going on in
your app.
Can be viewed via
command line or
Eclipse.
Logs can be
generated both from
SDK Java code, or
low-level C code via
Bionic libc extension.

34. Debugger
Your standard debugger is included in SDK, with all the usual bells & whistles.

35. TraceView
TraceView helps you profile you application and find bottlenecks. It shows
execution of various calls through the entire stack. You can zoom into specific
calls.

36. Hierarchy
Viewer
Hierarchy Viewer helps
you analyze your User
Interface.
Base UI tends to be the
most “expensive” part of
your application, this tool
is very useful.

37. Summary
For most applications, you will just
need Android SDK to develop apps.
Sometimes you may need NDK to
make parts of your app run faster.
Ultimately, you can do whatever you
want by compiling Android platform
from source.
Marko Gargenta
Marakana.com
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