Assingment 1- ICT Applied in ELT

1. HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
By Viviana Fleitas and Mariana Claure

2. Introduction to technology
 Ts were seen as primary instructors in the Teaching Methodology
 The 1st vacuum tube-based computer didn’t fit their teacher/manager
method
 Transitor-based computer dismissed
 1968-Investment in technology for schools. Then this was cancelled
 1970-Minicomputers were used in some schools
 1975-Microcomputers (PCs) were donated (Apple 1 PC)
 1983-Acceptance of Apple 2 computers
 1988-Laptops were developed
 1990-Multimedia PCs were developed, programs delivered on CD-ROMs.
Schools provided Ss with online info
 1994-Not all Ts had access to a computer for instructional preparation
 1997-2007-Internet became an invaluable resource for educators. Yahoo
& Google developed ways to find info in the Web. (Educational software
useful-graphics & video)

3. Educational Technology: Use of technology in educational
settings (computers, TV, electronic hardware- software )
 Instructional Technology Instructional Media
 Instructional use of education (Process and device that teachers employ in their
classrooms)
Visual Education/Instruction: Three dimensional objects, photographs, silent films (for
instructional use).
Audiovisual education/Instruction: When sound was added to films and the popularity of
audio recordings, Until 1970
Radio was the next technology to gain attention but it didn’t have impact on schools.
WWII: Audio Visual Education: The experience gained from the war time was used in
schools in decades to follow.
1950/60: Instructional Television: Federal Communication Commission (FCC) 242
channels for instructional purposes. 1970: the enthusiasm had been exhausted.
Computers: 1950/60 earliest work with them but it had little impact until the appearance
if microcomputers (1980).
40% of elementary schools and 75% of all secondary schools were using computer by
then.

4. Instructional Technique and Technologies
Problem based learning, project based learning and Inquiry
based learning are active learning educational technologies
used to facilitate learning. All three are student centred, ideally
involving real-world scenarios in which students are actively
engaged in critical thinking activities. (Bloom’s Taxonomy-
Instructional design)

5. Technology and Learning
 Instructional technology enhancement of Ss’
learning
 Richard Clark, educational technologist, concluded
“There are no learning benefits to be gained for employing
any specific medium to deliver instruction”
“Media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do
not influence student achievement.”
 Technology is neutral; there is nothing inherent about
the media that assures learning. (e.g. A poorly designed
computer program is unlikely to advance learning and
may hinder it)

6. Learning Theories - Technology
 1st half of the 20th century,
Transfer-of-learning theories→ popular →classroom Ts
↓
∙ T transfers knowledge & textbook content to Ss’ mind
∙ Examinations determine success of transfer by means of presentations of the content.
 2nd half of the 20th century,
Behaviourism →impact on the educational tech profession
↓
1st computer-assisted programs (CAI).
↓evolved
ILS (Individualized learning systems) software & hardware were installed in computer
laboratories→ drills & exercises.
Constructivism → gained over behaviourism→ psychologists
↓
∙Ts’ roles is to create an environment in which Ss construct meaning & interpretation of knowledge
directing their own learning.
∙Some constructivists equated the use of computers with behaviourism ≠ others recognized them as
an ally.
↓
Result: computer-based programs promote higher-level thinking
encourage collaborative learning

7. Easy-to-access couse materials Wide Participation
Student Motivation
BENEFITS
Improved student writing Subjects made easier to learn
Differentiated Instruction

8. Technology in the classroom
 Computer in the classroom.
 Class website.
 Class blogs and wikis.
 Wireless classroom microphones.
 Mobile devices.
 Interactive Whiteboards.
 Online Media.
 Digital games.
 Podcasts.

9. Criticism
 Lack of proper training.
 Limited access to sufficient qualities of technology.
 Time consuming.
 The quantity of resources is limited.

10. Conclusion
Educational technology is the study and ethical practice
of facilitating learning and improving performance by
creating, using and managing appropriate technological
processes and resources. Educational technology includes
software, hardware, Internet applications, such as wikis
blogs, etc..
We should use technology as a “tool” for teaching
purposes. For e.g. Power Point Presentations or streaming
audio and video; presentation-based technology based on
the idea that people can learn through audio & visual
reception.

11. SOURCES
•History, the history of computers, and the history of computers in
education. http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html
•Roger G. Baldwin. (n.d.) Gale Encyclopedia of Education: School
Technology in Education http://
www.answers.com/topic/school-technology-in-education#ixzz1syEqVxoc
•Educational Technology. In Wikipedia http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology