The document discusses gene patenting and provides examples of grammar structures to identify the correct tense or voice in sentences about patents, DNA research, and intellectual property rights. It addresses whether living organisms can be patented and how DNA patents work, clarifying rules around naturally occurring versus engineered DNA.
2. Choose the correct answer
Gene Patenting: What Do You Think?
Gene patenting is a touchy subject, and I was recently
reminded / recently reminded of it when I heard that the
American Civil Liberties Union sues /is suing a
biotechnology company. Okay, let's go back to basics. What’s
a patent? Patents are what inventors get to ensure that no
one copies / is copying their ideas, makes / is making
money from them and/or takes / is taking all the credit.
Answers
3. Choose the correct answer
Gene Patenting: What Do You Think?
Gene patenting is a touchy subject, and I was recently
reminded / recently reminded of it when I heard that the
American Civil Liberties Union sues /is suing a
biotechnology company. Okay, let's go back to basics. What’s
a patent? Patents are what inventors get to ensure that no
one copies / is copying their ideas, makes / is making
money from them and/or takes / is taking all the credit.
Answers
Gene patenting is a touchy subject, and (1)I was recently
reminded of it when I heard that the American Civil Liberties
Union (2)is suing a biotechnology company. Okay, let's go back
to basics. What’s a patent? Patents are what inventors get to
ensure that no one (3)copies their ideas, (4)makes money from
them and/or (5)takes all the credit.
4. Choose the correct answer
Gene Patenting: What Do You Think?
Gene patenting is a touchy subject, and I was recently
reminded / recently reminded of it when I heard that the
American Civil Liberties Union sues /is suing a
biotechnology company. Okay, let's go back to basics. What’s
a patent? Patents are what inventors get to ensure that no
one copies / is copying their ideas, makes / is making
money from them and/or takes / is taking all the credit.
Answers
Gene patenting is a touchy subject, and (1)I was recently
reminded of it when I heard that the American Civil Liberties
Union (2)is suing a biotechnology company. Okay, let's go back
to basics. What’s a patent? Patents are what inventors get to
ensure that no one (3)copies their ideas, (4)makes money from
them and/or (5)takes all the credit.
1: Passive sentence: The subject (“I”) of this sentence is not the “doer” of the
action. The subject receives the action.
2. Present progressive:Action in progress.
3,4,5. Present simple: Repetitive action.
5. For example, a company (6)is inventing / invents a
special bicycle helmet with super-shock protection that they
developed out of years of research; their patent (which they
apply for) (7)gives / is giving them exclusive rights of the
production and sales of this helmet model that they (8) put /
putted so much work into.
Answers
6. For example, a company (6)is inventing / invents a
special bicycle helmet with super-shock protection that they
developed out of years of research; their patent (which they
apply for) (7)gives / is giving them exclusive rights of the
production and sales of this helmet model that they (8) put /
putted so much work into.
Answers
For example, a company (6) invents a special bicycle
helmet with super-shock protection that they developed out
of years of research; their patent (which they apply for)
(7)gives them exclusive rights of the production and sales of
this helmet model that they put / putted so much work into.
7. For example, a company (6)is inventing / invents a
special bicycle helmet with super-shock protection that they
developed out of years of research; their patent (which they
apply for) (7)gives / is giving them exclusive rights of the
production and sales of this helmet model that they (8) put /
putted so much work into.
Answers
For example, a company (6) invents a special bicycle
helmet with super-shock protection that they developed out
of years of research; their patent (which they apply for)
(7)gives them exclusive rights of the production and sales of
this helmet model that they put / putted so much work into.
6,7: Present Simple: The company is not “inventing” the bicycle at this very
moment.
8. Irregular past verb: Past of “put is “put”
8. This is called intellectual property rights. Secure in their
knowledge that they (9) may be able / will be able to get a
patent, researchers, companies and individuals (10) invest /
are investing their time, money, and brain power to research
and develop new products, ideas, etc. Patents generally (11) are
lasting / last for twenty years, and patenting rights (12)
function / functions generally the same way in both Canada
and the US.
Answers
9. This is called intellectual property rights. Secure in their
knowledge that they (9) may be able / will be able to get a
patent, researchers, companies and individuals (10) invest /
are investing their time, money, and brain power to research
and develop new products, ideas, etc. Patents generally (11) are
lasting / last for twenty years, and patenting rights (12)
function / functions generally the same way in both Canada
and the US.
Answers
This is called intellectual property rights. Secure in their
knowledge that they (9) will be able to get a patent,
researchers, companies and individuals (10) invest their time,
money, and brain power to research and develop new products,
ideas, etc. Patents generally (11) last for twenty years, and
patenting rights (12) function / functions generally the same
way in both Canada and the US.
10. This is called intellectual property rights. Secure in their
knowledge that they (9) may be able / will be able to get a
patent, researchers, companies and individuals (10) invest /
are investing their time, money, and brain power to research
and develop new products, ideas, etc. Patents generally (11) are
lasting / last for twenty years, and patenting rights (12)
function / functions generally the same way in both Canada
and the US.
Answers
This is called intellectual property rights. Secure in their
knowledge that they (9) will be able to get a patent,
researchers, companies and individuals (10) invest their time,
money, and brain power to research and develop new products,
ideas, etc. Patents generally (11) last for twenty years, and
patenting rights (12) function / functions generally the same
way in both Canada and the US.
9: High degree of certainty: We use “will” and not “may” to express high
certainty.
10, 11, 12: Present Simple : Repetitive (habitual) action.
11. Most consumer products (13) are patented / is pantented, but
there is controversy over whether naturally occurring, or living
organisms can be patented. As it stands, DNA can be patented.
Some “types” of cattle (14) have been bred / were bred to be
ideal for meat; biotechnology or agriculture companies
(15 )could/can actually patent the entire set of DNA (called a
genome) of that animal so that another farm or meat business
cannot raise animals with the same favourable DNA. Livestock
(16) can now clone / can now be cloned to reproduce optimal
genomes. If you live in the US or EU, you (17) Could /ought to
be eating cloned meat or drinking milk from a cloned cow,
which is something to ponder.
Justification
12. Most consumer products (13) are patented / is pantented, but
there is controversy over whether naturally occurring, or living
organisms can be patented. As it stands, DNA can be patented.
Some “types” of cattle (14) have been bred / were bred to be
ideal for meat; biotechnology or agriculture companies
(15 )could/can actually patent the entire set of DNA (called a
genome) of that animal so that another farm or meat business
cannot raise animals with the same favourable DNA. Livestock
(16) can now clone / can now be cloned to reproduce optimal
genomes. If you live in the US or EU, you (17) Could /ought to
be eating cloned meat or drinking milk from a cloned cow,
which is something to ponder.
Justification
13. Subject verb agreement: The subject “Most consumer products” is plural.
14. Present Perfect : Unspecified time.
15. Ability: Ability in the present (“actually”) requires “can” and not “could”.
16. Passive voice: The subject “Livestock” receives the action.
17. Possibility: Only “could” works as “ought to” implies obligation which
would be illogical in this context.
13.
So, to clarify, whole living animals (18)are not patented /
were not patented, their DNA is. DNA that would naturally
(19) occurs / occur without human influence is not
patentable. DNA (20)is becoming /becomes patentable
when genetic engineers (21) had isolated / have isolated
or changed it to produce a unique form that would not be
found in nature. DNA patents are on the rise as geneticists
make more and more discoveries; currently over three
million patents relating to (22) DNA have been applied
for / were applied for.
Justification
14.
So, to clarify, whole living animals (18)are not patented /
were not patented, their DNA is. DNA that would naturally
(19) occurs / occur without human influence is not
patentable. DNA (20)is becoming /becomes patentable
when genetic engineers (21) had isolated / have isolated
or changed it to produce a unique form that would not be
found in nature. DNA patents are on the rise as geneticists
make more and more discoveries; currently over three
million patents relating to (22) DNA have been applied
for / were applied for.
Justification
18. Passive sentence: Context requires the present.
19. Modal form : A verb that comes after a modal never takes “s”.
20. Present simple: Habitual / fact.
21. Present perfect: Past connected to the present.
22. Present Perfect: Past connected to the present.
16. Embryonic stem cells are:
undifferentiated ce"s that one derives #om an
embryo.
differentiated ce"s that one derives #om an
embryo.
a group of ce"s that are inserted into an organ to
repair its tissue.
17. Embryonic stem cells are:
undifferentiated ce"s that one derives #om an
embryo.
differentiated ce"s that one derives #om an
embryo.
a group of ce"s that are inserted into an organ to
repair its tissue.
18. Embryonic stem cell lines are:
families of pluripotential ce"s grown
#om a single parent group of stem ce"s.
families of self-regenerating ce"s grown
#om a single parent group of stem ce"s.
families of pluripotential ce"s grown
#om various parent groups of stem ce"s.
19. Embryonic stem cell lines are:
families of pluripotential ce"s grown
#om a single parent group of stem ce"s.
families of self-regenerating ce"s grown
#om a single parent group of stem ce"s.
families of pluripotential ce"s grown
#om various parent groups of stem ce"s.
20. Find a that word means 1), “progeny” / “descendant”
and 2), a word that means :the activity of controlling
the mating and reproduction of animals.
Cloning animals is a reliable way of maintaining high quality
and healthy livestock to supply our nutritional needs and
consumer demand. Identifying and reproducing superior
livestock genetics ensures herds are maintained at the
highest quality possible. Animal clones will primarily be
used as breeding stock to improve the health and quality of
animals used for food production. So, most consumers will
likely never eat an animal clone; rather, meat and milk
products in the marketplace will come from the offspring of
animal clones.
21. 1) Offspring: the descendants of a
person, animal, or plant.
2) Breeding: the activity of controlling
the mating and production of animals.
22. Can you remember a term from class #2
that means “the latest and most
advanced stage in the development of
something”?
23. Can you remember a term from class #2
that means “the latest and most
advanced stage in the development of
something”?
Cutting edge
24. “To keep something at bay” is an
expression that means:
To avoid something.
To stay close to something.
To maintain a safe distance #om
something.
25. “To keep something at bay” is an
expression that means:
To avoid something.
To stay close to something.
To maintain a safe distance #om
something.
26. Complete the text with one of the following words:
surrogate, genetically, genetic, gestational, social.
In the ______________ surrogacy arrangement, the
child may be related to both the mother and father. This
idea is consistent with the emphasis on the primacy of the
blood tie in EuroAmerican kinship ideology and the
importance of family. One of the most interesting aspects
of a __________'s perception of the fetus she is
carrying is that it is not her child. This belief holds true
whether the child is produced with her _________
contribution (50% in traditional surrogacy and, of course,
in a traditional pregnancy) or not ___________ related
to her at all, as in ....
27. In the gestational surrogacy arrangement, the child
may be related to both the mother and father. This idea
is consistent with the emphasis on the primacy of the
blood tie in EuroAmerican kinship ideology and the
importance of family. One of the most interesting
aspects of a surrogate's perception of the fetus she is
carrying is that it is not her child. This belief holds true
whether the child is produced with her genetic
contribution (50% in traditional surrogacy and, of
course, in a traditional pregnancy) or not genetically
related to her at all...
28. Nanotechnology is:
The study of the control of matter on an atomic or
molecular level
The technology that deals with very sma"
microchips
Technology that uses microelectronics
29. Nanotechnology is:
The study of the control of matter on an
atomic or molecular level
The technology that deals with very sma"
microchips
Technology that uses microelectronics
30. The full amount of an agricultural or
industrial product is the:
Yield
Crop
Fertilizer
31. The full amount of an agricultural
or industrial product is the:
Yield
Crop
Fertilizer
32. Vocabulary exercise
Think of a sentence (minimum 10 words) using one of
the following words and write it leaving a blank.
Patent, enforce, mixed blessing, breakthrough,
scrutiny, a bit player, come up with something,
intellectual property.
33. Vocabulary exercise
Think of a sentence (minimum 10 words) using one of
the following words and write it leaving a blank.
Patent, enforce, mixed blessing, breakthrough,
scrutiny, a bit player, come up with something,
intellectual property.
Example: Jim Bunning was no more than a
___________ who enjoyed his 15 minutes of fame for
the team.
34. Vocabulary exercise
Think of a sentence (minimum 10 words) using one of
the following words and write it leaving a blank.
Patent, enforce, mixed blessing, breakthrough,
scrutiny, a bit player, come up with something,
intellectual property.
Example: Jim Bunning was no more than a
___________ who enjoyed his 15 minutes of fame for
the team.
Jim Bunning was no more than a BIT PLAYER
who enjoyed his 15 minutes of fame for the team.
35. Grammar review
• Present tenses (p40-52)
• Modal verbs (p.72-84)
• Passive sentences (p.158-163)
• List of keywords on the course website
