Dr Mark Elliott's presentation to ParticipationCamp09 - held the weekend of 27-28 June at NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program @ the Tisch School of the Arts 721 Broadway, New York. Mark's talk focused on how to engage citizens in collaborative planning and policy-making using participatory tools and methods.

1. collaboration :: cooperation :: coordination
Coordination, Cooperation & Collaboration
Tools & Modalities for Collaborative Planning & Policy-making
Participation Camp
New York, 2009
Mark Elliott
Chief Consultant & Director
Collabforge

2. Starting At The Beginning
What is participation?
Dictionary: ‘to take part’

3. Starting At The Beginning
‘Participation’ must get more defined in order to:
• to map & augment existing processes
• develop new processes
• build & or match tools to suit

4. Understanding Participation
What is participation?

5. Understanding Participation
Collective Activity Process Output

6. Understanding Participation
Collective Activity Process Output

7. Understanding Participation
Why are we here?

8. Understanding Participation
Why are we here?

9. Understanding Participation
Why are we here?

10. Understanding Participation
Opportunity to engage:
• ideas surrounding this event?
• presenters like me?
• people next to you?

11. Understanding Participation
Potential lies in the space that is
our commonalities & differences:
• ideas
• experiences
• resources
• connections

12. Understanding Participation
This space is diminished by
our proximity here, now.

13. Understanding Participation
This space is a relational space.

14. Coordination
This space is a relational space -
defined by the way it brings together
disparate
people
ideas
matter

15. Coordination
Collective Activity Process Output
disparate elements pulled into a patterns across disparate
Coordination
relational space elements emerge
Example: how a search engine uses keywords to bring
together webpages and resources on the Internet.

16. Cooperation
Cooperation (process / set of instructions)
provides for transactional exchange that leads
to an aggregation of value
• reciprocal altruism or recycling
• captialism or communism
• file sharing or social bookmarking
• lining up for our groceries or traffic lights
• representative democracy...

17. Cooperation
cooperative processes can be
implicit or explicit
conscious or unconscious
massive or micro
designed or evolved
proprietary or open source
democratic or autocratic

18. Cooperation
Enabler of cooperative process:
compliance of will

19. Understanding Participation
Collective Activity Process Output
disparate elements pulled into a patterns across disparate
Coordination
relational space elements emerge
individuals comply to process / aggregated value of
Cooperation
set of instructions individual contributions
Examples: a company & profit, a survey & results,
voting & elected politician, taxation & social service.

20. Collaboration
Collaboration = collective creation

21. Collaboration
What do we typically mean by ‘collaboration’?
‘working together towards a shared objective’

22. Collaboration
Collaboration is:
Co-creation on part of a group of
people with add/edit/delete rights to
the same pool of content.

23. Collaboration
Collective Activity Process Output
disparate elements pulled into a patterns across disparate
Coordination
relational space elements emerge
individuals comply to process / aggregated value of
Cooperation
set of instructions individual contributions
co-created innovation
participants of a group add/edit/
Collaboration representing a shared
delete same pool of content
understanding

24. Collaboration
Divergent production develops multiple solutions to
the same problem domain
creative arts, lateral thinking, brainstorming
Convergent production is a cognitive process whereby
an agent seeks a single best solution
mathematics, logic, scientific method
J. P. Guilford (1950; 1962)

25. Collaboration
To ‘consciously collaborate’
have to consider:
• What should we collaborate on?
• How shall we do it?
• medium, process, tools, etc

26. Negotiation in Collective Activity
Collaboration, cooperation & coordination
all require amounts of two types of negotiation.
Cultural negotiation:
language, norms, beliefs, values (sociology)
Social negotiation:
personal histories & relationships, personalities &
computability issues, reputation (psychology)

27. Negotiation in Collective Activity
A collaborative system’s capacity for
negotiation is directly proportional to the
robustness of its outcomes.

28. Understanding Participation
Collective
Process Output Negotiation
Activity
disparate elements patterns across
Low
Coordination pulled into a relational disparate elements
(cultural)
space become visible
individuals comply to aggregated value of
Medium
Cooperation process / set of individual
(cultural, social)
instructions contributions
participants of a group co-created innovation
High
Collaboration add/edit/deletes same representing a shared
(social, cultural)
pool of content understanding

29. Understanding Collaboration

30. Mass Collaboration
Recently, something important has happened:
we have broken through
collaboration’s glass ceiling
wikis disintermediate social
negotiation with creative contribution

31. Thank you!
Mark Elliott, Director & Chief Consultant
+61 421 978 501
Mark.Elliott@Collabforge.com
Twitter: @MarkElliott