The document discusses how IP telephony can provide voice communication services to rural areas in Bangladesh. It describes how IP-based networks are well-suited for quickly implementing telephone infrastructure in rural regions. Specifically, the document outlines various IP network architectures that could be used to deliver rural telephony services and discusses technical aspects of implementing VoIP systems, including considerations around reliability, quality of service, emergency calls, and security.

1. HOW IP TELEPHONY CAN SERVE THE RURAL
PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH
Sk. M. Rezaul Karim
ID#072899056
For
Dr. Moshiur Rahaman
Associate Professor
North South University

2. Acknowledgement
Nearly five billion people living in rural areas today are still without basic telephone service. IP based
networks are often the simplest and most economical solution for quickly implementing communication
infrastructures to link these areas to the rest of the world. Today's low-cost IP based networks can make it
possible. This case study describes various IP-based network architectures and how these can serve the
needs of rural telephony operators.
People in rural Bangladesh work their land from dawn till dusk and women devote themselves to household
chores. It is plain lifestyle, away from the daily hubbub of city life. This bucolic simplicity, however, does
not exclude the residents from their right to know. ICT helps villagers access the information they need.
Information important to them is disseminated from a place commonly known as telecentre. Several
organizations, including GrameenPhone, have already implemented telecentres in some parts of the country.
Now all of them are unified under an umbrella organization called Bangladesh Telecentre Network (BTN) to
strengthen their capacity as well as speed up the process to incorporate ICT in rural life.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a protocol optimized for the transmission of voice through the
Internet or other packet switched networks. VoIP is often used abstractly to refer to the actual transmission
of voice (rather than the protocol implementing it). This latter concept is also referred to as IP telephony,
Internet telephony, voice over broadband, broadband telephony, and broadband phone. The last two are
arguably incorrect because telephone-quality voice communications are, by definition, narrowband.
VoIP providers may be viewed as commercial realizations of the experimental Network Voice Protocol
(1973) invented for the ARPANET providers. Some cost savings are due to utilizing a single network to
carry voice and data, especially where users have underused network capacity that can carry VoIP at no
additional cost. VoIP to VoIP phone calls are sometimes free, while VoIP calls connecting to public
switched telephone networks (VoIP-to-PSTN), may have a cost that is borne by the VoIP user.
Voice-over-IP systems carry telephony signals as digital audio, typically reduced in data rate using speech
data compression techniques, encapsulated in a data packet stream over IP.
There are two types of PSTN-to-VoIP services: Direct inward dialing (DID) and access numbers. DID will
connect a caller directly to the VoIP user, while access numbers require the caller to provide an extension
number for the called VoIP user.

3. CONTENT
• 1 History
• 2 Functionality
• 3 Implementation
o 3.1 Reliability
o 3.2 Quality of service
o 3.3 Difficulty with sending faxes
o 3.4 Emergency calls
o 3.5 Integration into global telephone number system
o 3.6 VoIP phone accessibility and portability
o 3.7 Mobile phones & Hand held Devices
o 3.8 Security
o 3.9 Pre-paid phone cards
o 3.10 Caller ID
o 3.11 VoIM
• 4 Adoption
o 4.1 Mass-market telephony
o 4.2 Corporate and Telco use
o 4.3 Use in Amateur Radio
o 4.4 Click to call
• 5 Legal issues in different countries
o 5.1 IP telephony in Japan
5.1.1 Telephone number for IP telephony in Japan3
o 5.2 IP telephony in Bangladesh
• 6 Technical details
• 7 Conclusion

4. 1. History
Voice over Internet Protocol has been a subject of interest almost since the first computer network. By 1973,
voice was being transmitted over the early Internet. The technology for transmitting voice conversations
over the Internet has been available to end-users since at least the early 1980s. In 1996, a shrink-wrapped
software product called Vocaltec Internet Phone (release 4) provided VoIP along with extra features such as
voice mail and caller ID. However, it did not offer a gateway to the PSTN, so it was only possible to speak
to other Vocaltec Internet Phone users.[2] In 1997, Level 3 began development of its first soft switch (a term
they invented in 1998); soft switches were designed to replace traditional hardware telephone switches by
serving as gateways between telephone networks.
2. Functionality
VoIP can facilitate tasks and provide services that may be more difficult to implement or more expensive
using the PSTN. Examples include:
• The ability to transmit more than one telephone call over the same broadband connection. This can
make VoIP a simple way to add an extra telephone line to a home or office.
• Conference calling, call forwarding, automatic redial, and caller ID; zero- or near-zero-cost features
that traditional telecommunication companies (Telco’s) normally charge extra for.
• Secure calls using standardized protocols (such as Secure Real-time Transport Protocol.) Most of the
difficulties of creating a secure phone connection over traditional phone lines, like digitizing and
digital transmission, are already in place with VoIP. It is only necessary to encrypt and authenticate
the existing data stream.
• Location independence. Only an Internet connection is needed to get a connection to a VoIP
provider. For instance, call center agents using VoIP phones can work from anywhere with a
sufficiently fast and stable Internet connection.
• Integration with other services available over the Internet, including video conversation, message or
data file exchange in parallel with the conversation, audio conferencing, managing address books,
and passing information about whether others (e.g. friends or colleagues) are available to interested
parties.
• Advanced Telephony features such as call routing, screen pops, and IVR implementations are easier
and cheaper to implement and integrate. The fact that the phone call is on the same data network as a
users PC opens a new door to possibilities.
3. Implementation
Because UDP does not provide a mechanism to ensure that data packets are delivered in sequential order, or
provide Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees, VoIP implementations face problems dealing with latency and
jitter. This is especially true when satellite circuits are involved, due to long round-trip propagation delay
(400–600 milliseconds for links through geostationary satellites). The receiving node must restructure IP
packets that may be out of order, delayed or missing, while ensuring that the audio stream maintains a proper
time consistency. This function is usually accomplished by means of a jitter buffer in the voice engine.
Another challenge is routing VoIP traffic through firewalls and address translators. Private Session Border
Controllers are used along with firewalls to enable VoIP calls to and from protected networks. Skype uses a
proprietary protocol to route calls through other Skype peers on the network, allowing it to traverse
symmetric NATs and firewalls. Other methods to traverse firewalls involve using protocols such as STUN
or ICE.

5. VoIP challenges:
• Available bandwidth
• Network Latency
• Packet loss
• Jitter
• Echo
• Security
• Reliability
• In rare cases, decoding of pulse dialing
Many VoIP providers do not decode pulse dialing from older phones. The VoIP user may use a pulse-to-tone
converter, if needed. Fixed delays cannot be controlled but some delays can be minimized by marking voice
packets as being delay-sensitive (see, for example, Diffserv).
The principal cause of packet loss is congestion, which can sometimes be managed or avoided. Carrier VoIP
networks avoid congestion by means of teletraffic engineering.
Variation in delay is called jitter. The effects of jitter can be mitigated by storing voice packets in a jitter
buffer upon arrival and before producing audio, although this increases delay. This avoids a condition
known as buffer underrun, in which the voice engine is missing audio since the next voice packet has not yet
arrived.
Common causes of echo include impedance mismatches in analog circuitry and acoustic coupling of the
transmit and receive signal at the receiving end.
3.1 Reliability
Conventional phones are connected directly to telephone company phone lines, which in the event of a
power failure are kept functioning by back-up generators or batteries located at the telephone exchange.
However, household VoIP hardware uses broadband modems and other equipment powered by household
electricity, which may be subject to outages in the absence of a uninterruptible power supply or generator.
Early adopters of VoIP may also be users of other phone equipment, such as PBX and cordless phone bases,
that rely on power not provided by the telephone company. Even with local power still available, the
broadband carrier itself may experience outages as well. While the PSTN has been matured over decades
and is typically reliable, most broadband networks are less than 10 years old, and even the best are still
subject to intermittent outages. Furthermore, consumer network technologies such as cable and DSL often
are not subject to the same restoration service levels as the PSTN or business technologies such as T-1
connection.
3.2 Quality of service
Some broadband connections may have less than desirable quality. Where IP packets are lost or delayed at
any point in the network between VoIP users, there will be a momentary drop-out of voice. This is more
noticeable in highly congested networks and/or where there are long distances and/or interworking between
end points. Technology has improved the reliability and voice quality over time and will continue to
improve VoIP performance as time goes on.
It has been suggested to rely on the packetized nature of media in VoIP communications and transmit the
stream of packets from the source phone to the destination phone simultaneously across different routes
(multi-path routing). In such a way, temporary failures have less impact on the communication quality. In
capillary routing it has been suggested to use at the packet level Fountain codes or particularly raptor codes
for transmitting extra redundant packets making the communication more reliable.

6. A number of protocols have been defined to support the reporting of QoS/QoE for VoIP calls. These include
RTCP XR (RFC3611), SIP RTCP Summary Reports, H.460.9 Annex B (for H.323), H.248.30 and MGCP
extensions. The RFC3611 VoIP Metrics block is generated by an IP phone or gateway during a live call and
contains information on packet loss rate, packet discard rate (due to jitter), packet loss/discard burst metrics
(burst length/density, gap length/density), network delay, end system delay, signal / noise / echo level, MOS
scores and R factors and configuration information related to the jitter buffer.
RFC3611 VoIP metrics reports are exchanged between IP endpoints on an occasional basis during a call,
and an end of call message sent via SIP RTCP Summary Report or one of the other signaling protocol
extensions. RFC3611 VoIP metrics reports are intended to support real time feedback related to QoS
problems, the exchange of information between the endpoints for improved call quality calculation and a
variety of other applications.
3.3 Difficulty with sending faxes
The support of sending faxes over VoIP is still limited. The existing voice codecs are not designed for fax
transmission. (They are designed to digitize an analog representation of a human voice efficiently, but the
inefficiency of digitizing an analog representation (modem signal) of a digital representation (a document
image) of analog data (an original document) more than negates any bandwidth advantage of VoIP. In other
words, the fax “sounds” simply doesn’t fit in the VoIP channel.) An effort is underway to remedy this by
defining an alternate IP-based solution for delivering fax-over-IP, namely the T.38 protocol. Another
possible solution to overcome the drawback is to treat the fax system as a message switching system, which
does not need a real-time data transmission—such as sending a fax as an email attachment (see Fax) or
remote printout (see Internet Printing Protocol). The end system can completely buffer the incoming fax data
before displaying or printing the fax image.
3.4 Emergency calls
The nature of IP makes it difficult to locate network users geographically. Emergency calls, therefore,
cannot easily be routed to a nearby call center, and are impossible on some VoIP systems. Sometimes, VoIP
systems may route emergency calls to a non-emergency phone line at the intended department. In the US, at
least one major police department has strongly objected to this practice as potentially endangering the
public.[4]
Moreover, in the event that the caller is unable to give an address, emergency services may be unable to
locate them in any other way. Following the lead of mobile phone operators, several VoIP carriers are
already implementing a technical work-around. For instance, one large VoIP carrier requires the registration
of the physical address where the VoIP line will be used. When you dial the emergency number for your
country, they will route it to the appropriate local system. They also maintain their own emergency call
center that will take non-routable emergency calls (made, for example, from a software-based service that is
not tied to any particular physical location) and then will manually route your call after learning your
physical location.
e911 is another method by which VoIP providers in the US are able to support emergency services. The
e911 emergency-calling system automatically associates a physical address with the calling party's telephone
number as required by the Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999 and is being
successfully used by many VoIP providers to provide physical address information to emergency service
operators.
3.5 Integration into global telephone number system
While the wired public switched telephone network (PSTN) and mobile phone networks share a common
global standard (E.164) which allocates and identifies any specific telephone line, there is no widely adopted
similar standard for VoIP networks. Some allocate an E.164 number which can be used for VoIP as well as

7. incoming and external calls. However, there are often different, incompatible schemes when calling between
VoIP providers which use provider-specific short codes.
3.6 VoIP phone accessibility and portability
If using a software based soft-phone, calls can only be placed from the computer on which the soft-phone
software resides. Thus with a soft-phone the caller is typically limited to a single point of calling. When
using a hardware based VoIP phone-device/ phone-adapter it is possible to connect traditional analog phones
directly to a VoIP phone-adapter without the need to operate a computer. The converted analog phone signal
can then be connected to multiple house phones or extensions, just as any traditional phone company signal
can be connected. A second VoIP hardware configuration option involves the use of a specially designed
VoIP telephone which incorporates a VoIP phone adapter directly into the phone itself, and which also does
not require the use of a computer. A third VoIP hardware configuration option involves the use of a Wi-Fi
router and a Wi-Fi SIP phone which can extend a service range throughout a home or office. Wi-Fi SIP
phones can also be used at any location where an "unauthenticated" open hotspot Wi-Fi signal is available.[5]
However, note that many hotspots require browser-based authentication, which most SIP phones do not
support.[6]
3.7 Mobile phones & Hand held Devices
Telcos and consumers have invested billions of dollars in mobile phone equipment. In developed countries,
mobile phones have achieved nearly complete market penetration, and many people are giving up landlines
and using mobiles exclusively. Given this situation, it is not entirely clear whether there would be a
significant higher demand for VoIP among consumers until either public or community wireless networks
have similar geographical coverage to cellular networks (thereby enabling mobile VoIP phones, so called
Wi-Fi phones or VoWLAN) or VoIP is implemented over 3G networks. However, "dual mode" telephone
sets, which allow for the seamless handover between a cellular network and a Wi-Fi network, are expected
to help VoIP become more popular.[7]
Phones like the NEC N900iL, and later many of the Nokia Eseries and several Wi-Fi enabled mobile phones
have SIP clients hardcoded into the firmware. Such clients operate independently of the mobile phone
network unless a network operator decides to remove the client in the firmware of a heavily branded
handset. Some operators such as Vodafone actively try to block VoIP traffic from their network[8] and
therefore most VoIP calls from such devices are done over Wi-Fi.
Several Wi-Fi only IP hard phones exist, most of them supporting either Skype or the SIP protocol. These
phones are intended as a replacement for PSTN based cordless phones but can be used anywhere where Wi-
Fi internet access is available.
Another addition to hand held devices are ruggedized bar code type devices that are used in warehouses and
retail environments. These type of devices rely on "inside the 4 walls" type of VoIP services that do not
connect to the outside world and are solely to be used from employee to employee communications.
3.8 Security
Many consumer VoIP solutions do not support encryption yet, although having a secure phone is much
easier to implement with VoIP than traditional phone lines. As a result, it is relatively easy to eavesdrop on
VoIP calls and even change their content.[9] There are several open source solutions that facilitate sniffing of
VoIP conversations. A modicum of security is afforded due to patented audio codecs that are not easily
available for open source applications, however such security through obscurity has not proven effective in
the long run in other fields. Some vendors also use compression to make eavesdropping more difficult.
However, real security requires encryption and cryptographic authentication which are not widely available
at a consumer level. The existing secure standard SRTP and the new ZRTP protocol is available on Analog
Telephone Adapters(ATAs) as well as various soft phones. It is possible to use IPSec to secure P2P VoIP by

8. using opportunistic encryption. Skype does not use SRTP, but uses encryption which is transparent to the
Skype provider.
The Voice VPN solution provides secure voice for enterprise VoIP networks by applying IPSec encryption
to the digitized voice stream.
3.9 Pre-paid phone cards
VoIP has become an important technology for phone services to travelers, migrant workers and expatriates,
who either, due to not having a fixed or mobile phone or high overseas roaming charges, choose instead to
use VoIP services to make their phone calls. Pre-paid phone cards can be used either from a normal phone or
from Internet cafes that have phone services. Developing countries and areas with high tourist or immigrant
communities generally have a higher uptake.
3.10 Caller ID
Caller ID support among VoIP providers varies, although the majority of VoIP providers now offer full
caller ID with name on outgoing calls. When calling a PSTN number from some VoIP providers, caller ID is
not supported.
In a few cases, VoIP providers may allow a caller to spoof the caller ID information, potentially making
calls appear as though they are from a number that does not belong to the caller. Business grade VoIP
equipment and software often makes it easy to modify caller ID information. Although this can provide
many businesses great flexibility, it is also open to abuse.
3.11 VoIM
Voice over Instant Messaging (VoIM) presents VoIP as one communication mode among several, with an
IM user interface (contact list and presence) as the primary user experience. Many instant messenger
services added client-to-client or client-to-PSTN VoIP in the mid-2000s.
4. Adoption
4.1 Mass-market telephony
A major development starting in 2004 has been the introduction of mass-market VoIP services over
broadband Internet access services, in which subscribers make and receive calls as they would over the
PSTN. Full phone service VoIP phone companies provide inbound and outbound calling with Direct
Inbound Dialing. Many offer unlimited calling to the U.S., and some to Canada or selected countries in
Europe or Asia as well, for a flat monthly fee.
These services take a wide variety of forms which can be more or less similar to traditional POTS. At one
extreme, an analog telephone adapter (ATA) may be connected to the broadband Internet connection and an
existing telephone jack in order to provide service nearly indistinguishable from POTS on all the other jacks
in the residence. This type of service, which is fixed to one location, is generally offered by broadband
Internet providers such as cable companies and telephone companies as a cheaper flat-rate traditional phone
service. Often the phrase "VoIP" is not used in selling these services, but instead the industry has marketed
the phrases "Internet Phone", "Digital Phone" or "Soft phone" which is aimed at typical phone users who are
not necessarily tech-savvy. Typically, the provider touts the advantage of being able to keep one's existing
phone number.
At the other extreme are services like Gizmo Project and Skype which rely on a software client on the
computer in order to place a call over the network, where one user ID can be used on many different
computers or in different locations on a laptop. In the middle lie services which also provide a telephone

9. adapter for connecting to the broadband connection similar to the services offered by broadband providers
(and in some cases also allow direct connections of SIP phones) but which are aimed at a more tech-savvy
user and allow portability from location to location. One advantage of these two types of services is the
ability to make and receive calls as one would at home, anywhere in the world, at no extra cost. No
additional charges are incurred, as call diversion via the PSTN would, and the called party does not have to
pay for the call. For example, if a subscriber with a home phone number in the U.S. or Canada calls someone
else within his local calling area, it will be treated as a local call regardless of where that person is in the
world. Often the user may elect to use someone else's area code as his own to minimize phone costs to a
frequently called long-distance number.
For some users, the broadband phone complements, rather than replaces, a PSTN line, due to a number of
inconveniences compared to traditional services. VoIP requires a broadband Internet connection and, if a
telephone adapter is used, a power adapter is usually needed. In the case of a power failure, VoIP services
will generally not function. Additionally, a call to an emergency services number may not automatically be
routed to the nearest local emergency dispatch center. Some VoIP providers only handle emergency call for
one country. Some VoIP providers offer users the ability to register their address so that emergency services
work as expected.
Another challenge for these services is the proper handling of outgoing calls from fax machines, DVR
boxes, satellite television receivers, alarm systems, conventional modems or Faxmodems, and other similar
devices that depend on access to a voice-grade telephone line for some or all of their functionality. At
present, these types of calls sometimes go through without any problems, but in other cases they will not go
through at all. And in some cases, this equipment can be made to work over a VoIP connection if the
sending speed can be changed to a lower bits per second rate. If VoIP and cellular substitution becomes very
popular, some ancillary equipment makers may be forced to redesign equipment, because it would no longer
be possible to assume a conventional voice-grade telephone line would be available in almost all homes in
North America and western Europe. The TestYourVoIP Web site offers a free service to test the quality of
or diagnose an Internet connection by placing simulated VoIP calls from any Java-enabled Web browser, or
from any phone or VoIP device capable of calling the PSTN.
4.2 Corporate and Telco use
Although few office environments and even fewer homes use a pure VoIP infrastructure,
telecommunications providers routinely use IP telephony, often over a dedicated IP network, to connect
switching stations, converting voice signals to IP packets and back. The result is a data-abstracted digital
network which the provider can easily upgrade and use for multiple purposes.
Corporate customer telephone support often use IP telephony exclusively to take advantage of the data
abstraction. The benefit of using this technology is the need for only one class of circuit connection and
better bandwidth use. Companies can acquire their own gateways to eliminate third-party costs, which is
worthwhile in some situations.
VoIP is widely employed by carriers, especially for international telephone calls. It is commonly used to
route traffic starting and ending at conventional PSTN telephones.
Many telecommunications companies are looking at the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) which will merge
Internet technologies with the mobile world, using a pure VoIP infrastructure. It will enable them to upgrade
their existing systems while embracing Internet technologies such as the Web, email, instant messaging,
presence, and video conferencing. It will also allow existing VoIP systems to interface with the conventional
PSTN and mobile phones.
Electronic Numbering (ENUM) uses standard phone numbers (E.164), but allows connections entirely over
the Internet. If the other party uses ENUM, the only expense is the Internet connection. Virtual PBX (or IP
PBX) allow companies to control their internal phone network over an existing LAN and server without
needing to wire a separate telephone network. Users within this environment can then use standard

10. telephones coupled with an FXS, IP Phones connected to a data port or a Soft phone on their PC. Internal
VoIP phone networks allow outbound and inbound calling on standard PSTN lines through the use of FXO
adapters.
4.3 Use in Amateur Radio
Sometimes called Radio Over Internet Protocol or RoIP, Amateur radio has adopted VoIP by linking
repeaters and users with Echolink, IRLP, D-STAR, Dingotel and EQSO. In fact, Echolink allows users to
connect to repeaters via their computer (over the Internet) rather than by using a radio. By using VoIP
Amateur Radio operators are able to create large repeater networks with repeaters all over the world where
operators can access the system with actual ham radios.
Ham Radio operators using radios are able to tune to repeaters with VoIP capabilities and use DTMF signals
to command the repeater to connect to various other repeaters, thus allowing them to talk to people all
around the world, even with "line of sight" VHF radios.
4.4 Click to call
Click-to-call is a service which lets users click a button and immediately speak with a customer service
representative. The call can either be carried over VoIP, or the customer may request an immediate call back
by entering their phone number. One significant benefit to click-to-call providers is that it allows companies
to monitor when online visitors change from the website to a phone sales channel.
5. Legal issues in different countries
As the popularity of VoIP grows, and PSTN users switch to VoIP in increasing numbers, governments are
becoming more interested in regulating VoIP in a manner similar to PSTN services,[10] especially with the
encouragement of the state-mandated telephone monopolies/oligopolies in a given country, who see this as a
way to stifle the new competition.
In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission now requires all interconnected VoIP service
providers to comply with requirements comparable to those for traditional telecommunications service
providers. VoIP operators in the U.S. are required to support local number portability; make service
accessible to people with disabilities; pay regulatory fees, universal service contributions, and other
mandated payments; and enable law enforcement authorities to conduct surveillance pursuant to the
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act(CALEA). VoIP operators also must provide
Enhanced 911 service, disclose any limitations on their E-911 functionality to their consumers, and obtain
affirmative acknowledgements of these disclosures from all consumers. VoIP operators also receive the
benefit of certain U.S. telecommunications regulations, including an entitlement to interconnection and
exchange of traffic with incumbent local exchange carriers via wholesale carriers. Providers of "nomadic"
VoIP service -- those who are unable to determine the location of their users -- are exempt from state
telecommunications regulation.[11]
Throughout the developing world, countries where regulation is weak or captured by the dominant operator,
restrictions on the use of VoIP are imposed, including in Panama where VoIP is taxed, Guyana where VoIP
is prohibited and India where its retail commercial sales is allowed but only for long distance service.[12] In
Ethiopia, where the government is monopolizing telecommunication service, it is a criminal offense to offer
services using VoIP. The country has installed firewalls to prevent international calls being made using
VoIP. These measures were taken after a popularity in VoIP reduced the income generated by the state
owned telecommunication company.
In the European Union, the treatment of VoIP service providers is a decision for each Member State's
national telecoms regulator, which must use competition law to define relevant national markets and then
determine whether any service provider on those national markets has "significant market power" (and so
should be subject to certain obligations). A general distinction is usually made between VoIP services that

11. function over managed networks (via broadband connections) and VoIP services that function over
unmanaged networks (essentially, the Internet).
VoIP services that function over managed networks are often considered to be a viable substitute for PSTN
telephone services (despite the problems of power outages and lack of geographical information); as a result,
major operators that provide these services (in practice, incumbent operators) may find themselves bound by
obligations of price control or accounting separation.
VoIP services that function over unmanaged networks are often considered to be too poor in quality to be a
viable substitute for PSTN services; as a result, they may be provided without any specific obligations, even
if a service provider has "significant market power".
The relevant EU Directive is not clearly drafted concerning obligations which can exist independently of
market power (e.g., the obligation to offer access to emergency calls), and it is impossible to say definitively
whether VoIP service providers of either type are bound by them. A review of the EU Directive is under way
and should be complete by 2007.
In India, it is legal to use VoIP, but it is illegal to have VoIP gateways inside India. This effectively means
that people who have PCs can use them to make a VoIP call to any number, but if the remote side is a
normal phone, the gateway that converts the VoIP call to a POTS call should not be inside India.
In the UAE, it is illegal to use any form of VoIP, to the extent that websites of Skype and Gizmo Project
don't work.
In the Republic of Korea, only providers registered with the government are authorized to offer VoIP
services. Unlike many VoIP providers, most of whom offer flat rates, Korean VoIP services are generally
metered and charged at rates similar to terrestrial calling. Foreign VoIP providers such as Vonage encounter
high barriers to government registration. This issue came to a head in 2006 when internet service providers
providing personal internet services by contract to United States Forces Korea members residing on USFK
bases threatened to block off access to VoIP services used by USFK members of as an economical way to
keep in contact with their families in the United States, on the grounds that the service members' VoIP
providers were not registered. A compromise was reached between USFK and Korean telecommunications
officials in January 2007, wherein USFK service members arriving in Korea before June 1, 2007 and
subscribing to the ISP services provided on base may continue to use their U.S.-based VoIP subscription, but
later arrivals must use a Korean-based VoIP provider, which by contract will offer pricing similar to the flat
rates offered by U.S. VoIP providers.[13]
5.1 IP telephony in Japan
In Japan, IP telephony is regarded as a service applied by VoIP technology to whole or a part of the
telephone line. As of 2003, IP telephony services have been assigned telephone numbers. IP telephony
services also often include videophone/video conferencing services. According to the Telecommunication
Business Law, the service category for IP telephony also implies the service provided via Internet, which is
not assigned any telephone number. IP telephony is basically regulated by Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communications (MIC) as a telecommunication service. The operators have to disclose necessary
information on its quality, etc., prior to making contracts with customers, and have an obligation to respond
to their complaints cordially. Many Japanese Internet service providers (ISP) are including IP telephony
services. An ISP who also provides IP telephony service is known as a "ITSP (Internet Telephony Service
Provider)". Recently, the competition among ITSPs has been activated, by option or set sales, in connection
with ADSL or FTTH services.

12. The tariff system normally applied to Japanese IP telephony is described below;
• A call between IP telephony subscribers, limited to the same group, is usually free of charge.
• A call from IP telephony subscribers to a fixed line or PHS is usually a uniformly fixed rate all over
the country.
Between ITSPs, the interconnection is mostly maintained at VoIP level.
• Where the IP telephony is assigned normal telephone number (0AB-J), the condition for its
interconnection is considered same as normal telephony.
• Where the IP telephony is assigned specific telephone number (050), the condition for its
interconnection is described below;
o Interconnection is sometimes charged. (Sometimes, it's free of charge.) In case of free-of-
charge, mostly, communication traffic is exchanged via a P2P connection with the same
VoIP standard. Otherwise, certain conversions are needed at the point of the VoIP gateway
which incurs operating costs.
5.1.1 Telephone number for IP telephony in Japan
Since September 2002, the MIC has assigned IP telephony telephone numbers on the condition that the
service falls into certain required categories of quality. Highly qualified IP telephony is assigned a telephone
number. Normally the number starts with 050. But, when its quality is so high that customer almost could
not tell the difference between it and a normal telephone and when the provider relates its number with a
location and provides the connection with emergency call capabilities, the provider is allowed to assign a
normal telephone number, which is a so-called "0AB-J" number.
5.2 IP telephony in Bangladesh
The Illinois study, "Why Some Rural Communities Prosper While Others Do Not," challenges the
conventional wisdom about rural America, where population declines, school closings and the loss of Main
Street businesses typically grab the headlines.
The researchers say that prosperity does not necessarily hinge on population growth.
They focused instead on the "outcomes" of rural Bangladesh that people seek -- low unemployment, low
school dropout rates, little poverty and good housing.
Rural people "are so used to thinking of themselves as the poor cousins that the very fact that hundreds of
rural areas do better than the nation as a whole was a big surprise. Rural prosperity exists," said Andrew
Isserman, a rural sociologist who led the study.
From the above study we should help out our farmers those are directly involve with agriculture. Because
they need proper information about cultivation. Not only that , we should spread out city based business and
education through all over the country.
So we need share information and communication with all. Telecentre can help us to do this. By using this
they can get proper and valuable information for their prosperity.
Today around 1000 telecentres are operational throughout the country. Telecentres bring profound impact on
rural life that include creating social awareness, eradicating poverty, empowering women, opening the door
of financial activities and eliminating digital divide.

13. In order to make a telecentre viable in the long run, there should be a specific business model. If installation
and operational costs are not brought down, it will bring adverse effect on telecentre members. Location is
another important factor. It should be located at a place where people frequently hang around.
Technology is also an important consideration in running the telecentres smoothly. In remote areas where
there is no cable-based communication network, wireless could be a good alternative. If the government
opens WiMAX for all, it will create plenty of business opportunities for the telecentres as the technology
paves the way for introducing IP telephony service.
Content is another important issue. Most rural people are not familiar with foreign language. This is why
contents in local language should be given priority. Keeping in mind climate change, weather-related
contents in local language can help people take necessary precautions.
To make sure this prosperity IP telephony can us lot. It will give us low cost communication with great
technology.
6. Technical details
The two major competing standards for VoIP are the ITU standard H.323 and the IETF standard SIP.
Initially H.323 was the most popular protocol, though in the "local loop" it has since been surpassed by SIP.
This was primarily due to the latter's better traversal of NAT and firewalls, although recent changes
introduced for H.323 have removed this advantage.
However, in backbone voice networks where everything is under the control of the network operator or
Telco, H.323 is the protocol of choice. Many of the largest carriers use H.323 in their core backbones, and
the vast majority of callers have little or no idea that their POTS calls are being carried over VoIP.
Where VoIP travels through multiple providers' soft switches the concepts of Full Media Proxy and
Signaling Proxy are important. In H.323, the data is made up of 3 streams of data: 1) H.225.0 Call Signaling;
2) H.245; 3) Media. So if you are in London, your provider is in Australia, and you wish to call America,
then in full proxy mode all three streams will go half way around the world and the delay (up to 600 ms) and
packet loss will be high. However in signaling proxy mode where only the signaling flows through the
provider the delay will be reduced to a more user friendly 120-150 ms.
One of the key issues with all traditional VoIP protocols is the wasted bandwidth used for packet headers.
Typically, to send a G.723.1 5.6 kbit/s compressed audio path requires 18 kbit/s of bandwidth based on
standard sampling rates. The difference between the 5.6 kbit/s and 18 kbit/s is packet headers. There are a
number of bandwidth optimization techniques used, such as silence suppression and header compression.
This can typically reduce transmitted data by 35%.
VoIP trunking techniques such as TDMoIP can reduce bandwidth overhead even further by multiplexing
multiple conversations that are heading to the same destination and wrapping them up inside the same
packets. Because the packet header overhead is shared between many simultaneous streams, TDMoIP can
offer near toll quality audio with a per-stream packet header overhead of only about 1 kbit/s.
7. Conclusion
A study shows that 62 percent of the world's telecentres has been built and is maintained by non-profit
organizations, 24 percent are profit-oriented projects while 14 percent are government projects. Asia leads
the telecentre growth with about 37 percent of the share, followed by Africa, which accounts for
approximately 33 percent of the growth.

14. Right to information has become one of the basic needs of us. Farmers need right information to sell their
produce and avoid price manipulation; students require information for their career. If BTN successfully
overcomes the hurdles lurking ahead, it will certainly bring a new vista of opportunities for the rural people
to enrich their lives as well as create revolutionary changes in the society.
Last of all we can say by using VoIP we will get great chance to communicate all over the world. And by
legalize it our government can earn huge amount of revenue. So we should get chance and proper utilize of
IP telephony. And also we need government as a well wisher for spread out uses and get all kind of facilities
by using IP telephony.