This document discusses sampling in qualitative research. It explains that in qualitative research, sampling is typically purposive rather than random. The goal is not generalization but in-depth understanding of a phenomenon. There are several types of purposive sampling that can be used before or after data collection, depending on the researcher's intent. These include maximum variation, extreme cases, typical cases, theory-based, homogeneous, critical cases, opportunistic, snowball, and confirming/disconfirming cases. Choosing a sampling method depends on which best supports answering the research questions, as all can be appropriate in qualitative research.

1. PDU 202
METODE KUALITATIF
SEMESTER GENAP 2013/2014
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
KULIAH IV - 07 FEBRUARI 2014
SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

2. SAMPLING
IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ONE DAY OBJECTIVES:
Mahasiswa mampu:
• memahami hakikat sampel pada penelitian kualitatif
• memahami berbagai teknik pemilihan sampel pada penelitian kualitatif

3. SAMPLING
image http://www.greenfudge.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Stockholm-Central-Station.jpg
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4. SAMPLING
a method to select a set of individuals from a population, usually intended to
represent the population in a research study.
(Howitt & Cramer, 2011)
image http://www.greenfudge.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Stockholm-Central-Station.jpg
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5. SAMPLING
a method to select a set of individuals from a population, usually intended to
represent the population in a research study.
(Howitt & Cramer, 2011)
image http://www.greenfudge.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Stockholm-Central-Station.jpg
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
ardhiati © 2014

6. SAMPLING
the individuals selected must be representative from its population
image w.mawebcenters.com/
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7. SAMPLING
the individuals selected must be representative from its population
WHY?
image w.mawebcenters.com/
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
ardhiati © 2014

8. SAMPLING
the individuals selected must be representative from its population
WHY?
because the result from the sample will be used to generalize to its
population
image w.mawebcenters.com/
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
ardhiati © 2014

9. SAMPLING
the individuals selected must be representative from its population
WHY?
because the result from the sample will be used to generalize to its
population
so, we’re expected to use random sampling or other sampling techniques
that can make us get the representative samples
(Creswell, 2012)
image w.mawebcenters.com/
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10. but QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
has a different purpose
image evolver.fm
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11. but QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
has a different purpose
the intent is not to generalize to a
population, but to develop an in-depth
exploration of a central phenomenon
image evolver.fm
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Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
(Creswell, 2012)
ardhiati © 2014

12. SAMPLING
IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
image exploratorium.edu
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13. SAMPLING
IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
should be purposefully or intentionally
selects individuals and sites so the
researcher can understand the
phenomenon at best
(Creswell, 2012)
image exploratorium.edu
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14. SAMPLING
IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
should be purposefully or intentionally
selects individuals and sites so the
researcher can understand the
phenomenon at best
(Creswell, 2012)
PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING
image exploratorium.edu
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15. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
1 MAXIMUM VARIATION
the researcher samples cases or
individuals that differ on some
characteristic or trait (e.g.,
different age groups)
• the researcher should identify the
characteristic and then find sites or
individuals that display different
dimensions of that characteristic
image loadpaper.com
(Creswell, 2012)
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16. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
2 EXTREME CASE
the researcher studies an outlier
case or one that displays extreme
characteristics
• researchers identify these cases by
locating persons or organizations that
others have cited for achievements or
distinguishing characteristics (e.g.,
certain elementary schools targeted for
federal assistance)
image loadpaper.com
(Creswell, 2012)
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17. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
3 TYPICAL
the researcher studies a person
or site that is “typical” to those
unfamiliar with the situation
• the researcher might ask persons at a
research site or even select a typical
case by collecting demographic data or
survey data about all cases
image newmexico.org
(Creswell, 2012)
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
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18. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
4 THEORY OR CONCEPT
the researcher samples
individuals or sites because they
can help the researcher generate
or discover a theory or specific
concepts within the theory
• the researcher needs a clear
understanding of the concept or larger
theory expected to emerge during the
research
image minerva.stkate.edu
(Creswell, 2012)
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19. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
5 HOMOGENEOUS
the researcher purposefully
samples individuals or sites
based on membership in a
subgroup that has defining
characteristics
• the researcher needs to identify the
characteristics and find individuals or
sites that possess it
image art.ngfiles.com
(Creswell, 2012)
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20. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
6 CRITICAL
the researcher selects a critical
sample because it is an
exceptional case and he can
learn much about the
phenomenon
image funfeelingslife.files.wordpress.com
(Creswell, 2012)
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21. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
7 OPPORTUNISTIC
undertaken after the research
begins, to take advantage of
unfolding events that will help
answer research questions; it
captures the developing or
emerging nature of qualitative
research nicely and can lead to
novel ideas and surprising
findings
image businessinsider.com
(Creswell, 2012)
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22. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
8 SNOWBALL
a form of purposeful sampling
that typically proceeds after a
study begins and occurs when
the researcher asks participants
to recommend other individuals
to be sampled
image mirror.co.uk
• researchers may pose this request as
a question during an interview or
through informal conversations with
individuals at a research site
(Creswell, 2012)
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23. TYPES OF
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
9 CONFIRMING/DISCONFIRMING
a purposeful strategy used
during a study to follow up on
specific cases to test or explore
further specific findings; it also
represents a sampling procedure
used during a study
image colourbox.com
(Creswell, 2012)
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24. LET’S RECAP!
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25. WHEN DOES SAMPLING OCCUR?
(Creswell, 2012)
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26. WHEN DOES SAMPLING OCCUR?
BEFORE
DATA COLLECTION
AFTER
DATA COLLECTION
(Creswell, 2012)
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
ardhiati © 2014

27. WHEN DOES SAMPLING OCCUR?
to develop many perspectives
to describe particularly
troublesome or enlightening
cases
BEFORE
DATA COLLECTION
what is the
intent?
to describe what is “typical” to
those unfamiliar with the case
to generate a theory or explore
a concept
to describe some subgroup in
depth
to describe a case that illustrate
“dramatically” the situation
to take advantage of whatever
case unfolds
AFTER
DATA COLLECTION
what is the
intent?
to locate people or sites to
study
to explore confirming or
disconfirming cases
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
(Creswell, 2012)
ardhiati © 2014

28. WHEN DOES SAMPLING OCCUR?
to develop many perspectives
to describe particularly
troublesome or enlightening
cases
MAXIMAL VARIATION
EXTREME CASE
what is the
intent?
TYPICAL
to generate a theory or explore
a concept
THEORY/CONCEPT
to describe some subgroup in
depth
BEFORE
DATA COLLECTION
to describe what is “typical” to
those unfamiliar with the case
HOMOGENOUS
to describe a case that illustrate
“dramatically” the situation
to take advantage of whatever
case unfolds
AFTER
DATA COLLECTION
what is the
intent?
CRITICAL
OPPORTUNISTIC
to locate people or sites to
study
to explore confirming or
disconfirming cases
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Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
SNOWBALL
CONFIRM/DISCONFIRM
(Creswell, 2012)
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29. CHOOSING SAMPLING METHOD DOES NOT
DEPEND ON WHETHER IT IS RIGHT OR WRONG,
CAUSE EACH ONE OF THEM IS RIGHT.
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
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30. CHOOSING SAMPLING METHOD DOES NOT
DEPEND ON WHETHER IT IS RIGHT OR WRONG,
CAUSE EACH ONE OF THEM IS RIGHT.
THE RESEARCHERS CAN CHOOSE ANY
METHOD THAT SUPPORTS THEM BEST IN
ANSWERING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
PDU 202 METODE KUALITATIF
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
ardhiati © 2014

31. WANT TO KNOW MORE?
Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and
evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Howitt, D. & Cramer, D. (2011). Introduction to research methods in
psychology (3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.