1. INTRODUCTION TO
THE BRAIN

2. Outline
 Nervous System
 Orientation of the Brain
 Ways to Divide the Brain
 Lobes
 Evolutionary
 Forebrain
 Prosencephalon
 Diencephalon
 Telencephalon

3. Structure of the Vertebrate
Nervous System
 Neuroanatomy
 Anatomy of the nervous system
 Study of the various parts of the nervous
system and their respective function(s)
 Nervous system consists of many
substructures, each comprised of many
neurons

4. Nervous System
 Brain
 Spinal cord
 Somatic Nervous
System
 Autonomic
Nervous System
 Sympathetic
Nervous System
 Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

6. Brain Orientation

7. Brain Orientation
 Sagittal
 Coronal
 Horizontal

8. Brain Orientation
 Rostral
 Caudal
 Ventral
 Dorsal
 Anterior
 Posterior
 Inferior
 Superior

10. DIVISION OF THE
BRAIN

12. FOREBRAIN
Cerebral Cortex

13. Cerebral Cortex
 Divided into
4 lobes
 Frontal
 Parietal
 Occipital
 Temporal

14. Cerebral Hemispheres

15. Motor and Somatosensory
Cortices
Primary Motor Cortex Primary
Somatosensory
Cortex

16. Somatosensory Homunculus

17. Primary Motor Cortex

18. FOREBRAIN
Prosencephalon

19. Basal Forebrain
 Cholinergic output
of the CNS
 Nucleus basalis
 Arousal,
wakefulness,
attention

20. FOREBRAIN
Diencephalon

21. Thalamus
 Sensory relay
 “Gateway to the
cortex”

22. Hypothalamus
 Homeostasis
 Endocrine
Function

23. Anterior Pituitary
 Adenohypophysis
 Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
 Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
 Prolactin
 Gonadotropins
 Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)

24. Posterior Pituitary
 Neurohypophysis
 Oxytocin
 Milk let-down
 Maternal care
 Vasopressin or Anti-
diuretic hormone
 Water retention

25. FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon

26. Limbic System
 Amygdala
 Hippocampus

27. Amygdala
 Directly connected to
the olfactory bulb and
the hippocampus
 Important in emotion
 Fear response

28. Hippocampus
 Important in memory and learning

29. Alzheimer’s Disease
 Destruction of
hippocampal
neurons
 Symptoms include
memory loss,
neurofibrillary
tangles, and
amyloid plaques
 Miosis

30. Miosis

31. 4 Hypotheses for the
Development of AD
 Demyelination Hypothesis
 Cholinergic Hypothesis
 Amyloid Beta Hypothesis
 Tau Hypothesis

32. AD- Demyelination Hypothesis
 Cortex shrivels
 Hippocampus shrinks
 Ventricles fill with fluid

33. AD- Amyloid Beta and Tau
 Fewer neurons
 Fewer synapses
 Tangles
 Plaques

34. AD- Tau Hypothesis

35. Progression of
Alzheimer’s
Disease
 Treatments
 Early stages
 Mild to moderate stages
 Severe stages

36. Alzheimer’s Disease