3. Body must be able to produce the chemical
(endogenous)
Must be produced by the neuron
When a neuron is stimulated, a chemical is
released
Chemical must act upon a receptor to
produce an effect
4.
5. Major excitatory NT
Excess of glutamate can lead to
hyperexcitation seizure
NMDA Receptor
AMPA and Kainate Receptor
6. Major inhibitory NT
Deficit in GABA may lead
to lack of inhibition
seizure (hyperexcitability
or excitotoxicity)
GABA
7.
8. Open chloride channels
Produces more profound sedative effects
Anti-convulsant
GABAA Receptor Agonist
9. Benzodiazepene agonist
Cerebellum has a lot of GABAa
receptors
Rats have been tested using
the rotorod test
10. Dopamine agonist leads to increase in
pleasure, addiction, aggression
Dorsal vs.Ventral Pathways
D1 vs. D2 Receptors
D1- Postsynaptic
D2- Autoreceptor
11. Binds DA transporter and blocks DA
reuptake, which increases synaptic DA
Produces motor activation, reward,
motivational, hedonic effects
Sensitization
12. Causes DA transporter to
release DA, blocks
reuptake
Non-selective, so causes
release of DA, NE, and
5HT
Used for ADHD
13. Found in locus coeruleus (LC)
Involved in attention and arousal,
sympathetic nervous system
activation
α2 vs. β receptors
α2- Autoreceptor
β- Blocks NE
14. Found in the raphe nucleus of
midbrain
Deficit of 5HT can lead to
depression
REM sleep deprivation can be
used to treat severe depression
short term
15. 5HT1a
Predominant autoreceptor that works
through GPCR
5HT2a
Predominant postsynaptic receptor
that works through GPCR
LSD (5HT2a agonist) produces
sensory disturbances, hedonic and
panic effects, and hallucinations
16. Prozac, Zoloft
Many SSRIs have bad withdrawal symptoms
like severe vertigo and nausea
Many antidepressants have increased suicide
at onset primarily in younger population
(within 2-3 weeks of drug use)
17. Found in the nucleus basalis and
projects to the cortex
Important for cognition and
muscle contraction
Acetyl CoA + Choline
Choline + Acetate
Acetylcholine + Coenzyme A
Choline transferase
Acetylcholineesterase (ACE)
18.
19. Ligand gated ion channel
Found in the peripheral NS (skeletal
muscle)
Nicotinic antagonist (curare) causes
muscle paralysis @ NMJ
Nicotinic agonist increases muscle
tension and causes tremors
20.
21. Inhibitory receptor
Muscarinic agonist produces pupil
constriction, diarrhea, and increase in GI
activity (activates parasympathetic activity)
Muscarinic antagonist (scopolamine) used to
treat diarrhea (block parasympathetic
activity)
23. Have their own GPCR, meaning that there are
lots of receptors
Coexist with small molecule NT
Endorphins/enkephalins
Corticotropin Release Factor (CRF)
24.
25. Secreted by neurons in hypothalamus to
stimulateACTH release from anterior
pituitary
Amygdala PAG hypothalamus
activates sympathetic NS
CRF antagonist is anxiolytic
CRF is elevated in most depressed individuals
26. Endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide and
2AG)
Cannot be packaged, synthesized and
released on demand
Cannabinoid receptor CB1
CB1 agonist
Orexogenic, rewarding, affects timing behavior,
analgesic