PowerPoint to Cover Chapter 8 of "The Americans." Includes information on the 2nd Great Awakening, Reform movements, temperance, slavery, and abolition

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stared in 1790
emphasized individual responsibility to seek
salvation, said people could improve
themselves and society
rejected old Calvinist
that God predetermined
who would be saved/not saved
power of the common
citizen

3. 
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Charles Grandison Finney –
“father of modern revivalism”
emotional meetings designed to awaken
religious faith through impassioned
preaching and prayer
last 4-5 days
studied Bible, heard preaching
most intensive ones in western New York
where religious fires burned
increased church membership

4. 
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strong sense that all
people belonged to the
same God
South-slaves could attend but sat in different
pews; many saw the sermons as a promise of
freedom for their people
free blacks in the East would worship in their
own churches and the message was for faith
and freedom

5. 
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Richard Allen started the Church
it was a place where they could do things
denied to them by whites such as read and
attend school
it would hold its first convention in 1830
where they would discuss free African
American settlement and place fugitive
slaves in Canada
it would become an annual convention and
supported the opposition to slavery

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philosophical and literary movement that
emphasized living a simple life and
celebrated the truth found in nature and in
personal emotion and imagination
rejected all secular authority and the
authority of organized churches and the
Scriptures, of law, or of conventions
Ralph Waldo Emerson took the lead

7. 
Henry David Thoreau
 writer that decided to live in solitude for 2 years;
 believed in civil disobedience or
peaceful refusal to obey laws that
were considered unjust

8.  Give freedom to the slave.
 Give well-being to the poor and the
miserable.
 Give learning to the ignorant.
 Give health to the sick.
 Give peace and justice to society.

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emphasis on reason and appeal to conscience
as the path to perfection instead of emotions
like revivals
attracted the wealthy
prominent leader was William Ellery
Channing
agreed with revivalists that social reforms
were important and possible

10. experimental
groups who tried to
create a “utopia” or
perfect place
 best known ones
were New Harmony
in Indiana and Brook
Farm near Boston
 most only lasted a
few years
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11. 
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followed teachings of Ann Lee
in New York and New England and frontier
shared goods with each other
believed that men and women were equal
and refused to fight
did not marry or have
children;
adopted children

12. 
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Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States
to view its prisons and study them
his findings showed little rights in the prison
system

13. 
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Dorothea Dix fought to have the mentally ill
removed from prisons
she emphasized rehabilitation that might
reform the sick
she also wanted those imprisoned to receive
rehabilitation so they might return to a useful
position in society

14. 
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no uniform education and conditions
varied across the country
tax supported schools requested in
the 1830’s
Horace Mann called for reform in
Massachusetts
he called for teacher training and a
curriculum
education in the South and West took longer
to establish

15. 
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By the 1820’s antislavery societies were
pushing for African Americans to resettle in
Africa saying they were an inferior race and
could not coexist in a white society but many
African Americans considered America their
home
Increasing support by whites for abolition, or
outlaw of slavery – very popular by Charles
Finney as he called it “a great national sin”

16. 
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radical white abolitionist who wrote about it
in his newspaper, The Liberator
he believed in immediate emancipation, or
freeing of slaves, with no payment to
slaveholders
he founded the New England Anti-Slavery
Society in 1832
he had many black supporters
whites that opposed abolition hated him, and
those that supported abolition did not like
how he
attacked the church and government for their
response to slavery
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPldqzer
LwI

17. 
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a free black that Garrison befriended and
supported
advised African Americans to fight for
freedom and not to wait for slave
owners to end slavery

18. born into slavery and the wife of his
master taught him how to read until
her husband made her stop
 he worked as a ship caulker in Baltimore but could not keep
his wages
 borrowed the identity of a free black sailor to go to New York
 he read Garrison’s, The Liberator, and was a guest lecturer for
Garrison
 the two broke ties as Douglass hoped abolition could be
achieved through political means
 Douglass started his newspaper, The North Star, which
guided runaway slaves to freedom
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http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324/videos/frederickdouglass-mini-biography-2078942083

19. Rural slavery
 worked on large
plantations or small
farms with their
owners
 worked from dawn to
dusk in fields
 the owner or slave
driver forced them to
work faster

20. Urban slavery
 there was a shortage of white laborers in the
area of skilled labor so enslaved blacks could hire
themselves out as artisans in Southern cities
 slave owners could hire
out their slaves for
factories and collected
the pay for their work
 more privileges were
given to urban slaves

21. 
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a slave in Virginia
he was a preacher and believed he had been
chosen to lead his people out of slavery
in 1831 with 80 followers he attacked four
plantations and killed 60 whites before being
captured where he was eventually hanged
in retaliation whites killed 200+ blacks many of
whom had nothing to do with the rebellion
it empowered white slave owners to defend
slavery and keep power over their slaves
http://www.biography.com/people/nat-turner9512211/videos

22. 
New laws from revolt would result in the South
that placed greater restrictions/slave codes on
blacks
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free blacks could not vote
own guns
purchase alcohol
assemble in public
testify in court
own property
learn to read and write
work independently as artisans

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used Bible to defend slavery citing passages
about servants obeying their masters
ministers eventually agreed that slavery and
Christianity could co-exist in the South even
though prior to 1830 many preached against it
slave owners created a myth about the happy
slave that was cared for by their owner until their
death in comparison to the free black in the
North that made few wages and could be fired
by the factory owner

24. 
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abolitionists began to swamp Congress with
petitions to end slavery
the Southern Congressmen were able to pass
a gag rule that banned the petitions from
being heard
it was repealed in 1844

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tradition known as the cult of domesticity where
housework and child care were considered the
only proper activities for married women
some women worked for a few years before
their marriage but they were paid half that of a
man
women could not vote or sit on juries even if
they paid taxes
any wealth a woman had would become her
husband’s upon marriage and she had no
guardianship over her children

26. 
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Sarah and Angelina Grimke: the Second Great
Awakening inspired women to be optimistic about
their positions in society
daughters of slaveholder in South Carolina
they spoke against slavery and published An Appeal to
Christian Women in the South to overthrow slavery
women abolitionists raised money,
distributed literature and
collected petitions to be sent to
Congress
Garrison joined the women but many
men denounced their behavior

27. 
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Temperance movement: an effort to prohibit
the drinking of alcohol was a result of the
Church and women’s rights movement
alcohol was used widely by men and used in
medicine
drunkenness was a serious problem in
America and some preachers started
lecturing against its use
a decline in the consumption of alcohol would
continue until the 1860s

28. 
until the 1820’s there were few educational opportunities
for girls; the Grimke sisters ran a school for girls and
complained about the equality of education for girls
 1821 Emma Willard opened an all girl school in Troy, New York
 1837 Mary Lyon opened a higher learning institution for women
called the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in Massachusetts
 Ohio’s Oberlin College in 1837 admitted four girls into its
degree program
 African-American women faced greater education
challenges and attempts for their schools failed;
after the Civil War education for African-American
women would progress but very slowly

29. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first
woman to graduate with a medical
degree in 1849 she opened an
infirmary for children and women
 in the 1850’s Catharine Beecher did a
study of women’s health and found
for every healthy woman there were
three sick (women of the day bathed
rarely or exercised and wore corsets)
 Amelia Bloomer started wearing
loose pants tied at the ankles covered
by a short skirt which would be called
“bloomers”
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30. 
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
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Mott
Discussed grievances that women had
struggled with
Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments
which was modeled after the Declaration
of Independence
300 people gathered and passed
resolutions that encouraged women to
participate in all public issues on an equal
basis with men
there was some controversy over the
right to vote which was also passed

31. 
Sojourner Truth
 a slave that obtained freedom that preached for
women’s rights and abolition
 she said that hard work was a central fact of life
for most women