1. Referencing

2. What is referencing
• A standardised way of acknowledging sources
of information and ideas that you have used in
your assignment
• Helps avoid plagiarism (stealing of others
ideas)
• Enable readers to follow-up and read more
fully the cited author’s arguments.

3. Harvard referencing
• Also know as Author-date method
• Basic structure of Harvard reference includes:
• Author(s) of publication– Surname & initial
• Date of publication– Year of publication
• Title of publication
• Publication details – Place and name of
publisher for books or volume, issue and page
numbers for journals

4. Two stages of referencing
• Citation
– Citing sources within text of essay (in-text citation)
– Put brief publication details in round brackets () to
indicate every instance that you have borrowed
words or ideas
• Referencing
– Put the full details of all the sources mentioned in
your work at the end of your paper

5. Citation
• Direct quote versus paraphrasing
– Direct quotation – use someone else’s work word
for word
• Put the words quoted in quotation marks “”
– Paraphrasing – put someone else’s ideas in your
own words

6. Details to include in in-text citation
If author’s name is not included in the sentence
put:
Author’s surname, year of publication:page number e.g.
In an analysis of equity and efficiency in public education, it was found
that South Africa has elements of both a first world country, and a
third world country (Crouch, 1996: 134).
If author’s name is included in sentence put:
Year of publication:page number e.g.
In his analysis of equity and efficiency in public education, Crouch
(1996: 134) stated that South Africa has elements of both a first world
country, and a third world country.

7. Referencing
• Full details of all the sources mentioned in
your work have to be listed at the end of the
paper.
• Details included in a reference are dependent
on the source type

8. Referencing - book
Author(s) – surname & initial e.g. Glimcher, P. W.
Date – year of publication e.g. 2011
Title – in italics e.g. Foundations of neuroeconomic analysis.
Place of publication – town of publication e.g. New York.
Publisher – name of publisher e.g. Oxford University Press.
Glimcher, P. W. 2011. Foundations of neuroeconomic analysis.
New York. Oxford University Press.
Note: The names of all authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of
eight. Add “et al.” after the eighth name when there are more than eight authors.)

9. Referencing - Journal
Author(s) – surname & initial e.g. Fuchs, V.R.
Date – year of publication e.g. 2000.
Title of article e.g. The future of health economics.
Title of journal – in italics e.g. Journal of health economics.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the
beginning and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g.
19(2):141-157.
Fuchs, V. R. 2000. The future of health economics.
Journal of health economics. 19(2):141-157.

10. Referencing – electronic journal with DOI
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Pons-Vignon, N. & Anseeuw, W.
Date - Year e.g. 2009.
Title of article - Great expectations: working conditions in South Africa since the end of
apartheid.
Title of journal – in italics e.g. Journal of Southern African studies.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end pages if
it covers more than one page e.g. 35(4):883-899.
DOI - e.g. DOI: 10.1080/03057070903313236.
Pons-Vignon, N. & Anseeuw, W. 2009. Great expectations: working conditions in South
Africa since the end of apartheid. Journal of Southern African studies. 35(4):883-899.
DOI: 10.1080/03057070903313236.
NOTE: A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique number that identifies electronic
documents. It can be used to cite and link electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed
never to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents. The
DOI will be given in the electronic journal record (see next slide)

11. Article with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
DOI
DOI is a unique number that identifies electronic
documents. It can be used to cite and link
electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never
to change, so you can use it to link permanently to
electronic documents

12. Referencing – electronic journal with stable URL
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Siebert, W.S.
Date - Year e.g. 1987.
Title of article - Black trade unions and the wage gap in South Africa.
Title of journal – in italics e.g. Managerial and decision economics.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning
and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 8(1):55-65.
Stable URL - preceded by the word Available: e.g.
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560525
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 11].
Siebert, W.S. 1987. Black trade unions and the wage gap in South
Africa. Managerial and decision economics. 8(1):55-65. Available:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560525 [2013, March 11].
(Stable URLs are provided by the databases – see next slide)

13. Referencing – electronic journal with stable URL
Stable URL
A stable URL offers reliable, permanent links
directly to online content that is offered by
databases

14. Referencing – Electronic journal, no DOI nor
stable URL
Author(s) – surname & initial e.g. Moll, P.
Date – year of publication e.g. 1996.
Title of article e.g. Compulsory centralization of collective bargaining in South
Africa.
Title of journal – in italics e.g. American Economic Review.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end
pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 86(2):326-329.
Database – preceded by the word Available e.g. Available: Business Source
Premier
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 12].
Moll, P. 1996. Compulsory centralization of collective bargaining
in South Africa. American Economic Review. 86(2):326-329.
Available: Business Source Premier [2013, March 12].

15. Referencing - Newspaper article
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Byforde-Jones, C.
Date – Year of publication e.g. 2003.
Title of article e.g. Hitches over mixed farming wages.
Title of newspaper – in italics e.g. Natal witness.
Date – day of publication including pages number e.g. 2 May: 11.
Byforde-Jones, C. 2003. Hitches over mixed farming wages. Natal
witness. 2 May: 11.

16. Referencing – Online Newspaper
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Paton, C.
Date – Year of pub e.g. 2013.
Title of article e.g. New minimum wage ‘will spur overhaul of farming’.
Title of newspaper – in italics e.g. Business day.
Date – day of publication e.g. 5 February.
URL – preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available:
http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2013/02/05/new-minimum-
wage-will-spur-overhaul-of-farming
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 5].
Paton, C. 2013. New minimum wage ‘will spur overhaul of farming’. Business day.
5 February. Available:
http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2013/02/05/new-minimum-wage-
will-spur-overhaul-of-farming [2013, March 5].

17. Referencing – Newspaper (from online database)
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Paton, C.
Date – Year of pub e.g. 2013.
Title of article e.g. Farmers apply for new wage exemption.
Title of newspaper – in italics e.g. Business day (South Africa).
Date – day of publication e.g. 8 March.
Database – preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available: LexisNexis
Academic
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 5].
Paton, C. 2013. Farmers apply for new wage exemption. Business day (South
Africa). 8 March. Available: LexisNexis Academic [2013, March 5].

18. Referencing - Website
Author(s) - Surname & initial
Date – Year document was produced or updated
Title of publication
URL – preceded by the word Available:
Date retrieved e.g. [2012, March 15].
Dreschler, D. & Hallam, D. 2009. Buying land in developing
nations: challenges and promises. Available:
http://www.voxeu.org/article/buying-land-developing-
nations [2013, March 5].

19. Citation handbook
• More examples of referencing other sources
available in the Harvard UCT: handbook on
citation
• Handbook available from Libraries’ website on
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/wp-
content/uploads/docs/harvard-uct-citation-
handbk.pdf

20. Go to: www.lib.uct.ac.za
Hover your mouse on
Research Help

21. Click on Referencing help

22. Click on Harvard UCT: Handbook on
citation (2013)

23. Citation handbook

24. For reference examples - Scroll down

25. Need more help?
Contact: Maureen.Chiware@uct.ac.za