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2014 07-09 Juan Llanos Presentation
1.
Bitcoin & AML
Regulation: Strategies for Successful Compliance & Government Relations Inside Bitcoins Australia 2014 Melbourne, July 9, 2014 by @JuanLlanos
2.
MUST WANT CAN © 2014 JuanLlanos WANT
– MUST = CAN
3.
Agenda 1. Risk identification Risk
areas Focus on AML 2. Risk mitigation a) Program design tips b) Overview of corporate and product safeguards c) Customer identification and analytics (de-anonymization) 3. Unsolicited (contrarian) advice © 2014 JuanLlanos
4.
Agenda 1. Risk identification Risk
areas Focus on AML 2. Risk mitigation a) Program design tips b) Overview of corporate and product safeguards c) Customer identification and analytics (de-anonymization) 3. Unsolicited (contrarian) advice © 2014 JuanLlanos
5.
Financial Action Task
Force Groupe d’Action Financière (FATF-GAFI) Independent inter-governmental body Develops and promotes policies to protect the global financial system against money laundering and terrorist financing FAFT recommendations define criminal justice and regulatory measures that should be implemented to counter this problem are recognized as the global anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing standard (AML/CFT) © 2014 JuanLlanos
6.
Special Recommendation VI Each
country should take measures to ensure that persons or legal entities, including agents, that provide a service for the transmission of money or value, including transmission through an informal money or value transfer system or network, should be licensed or registered and subject to all the FATF Recommendations that apply to banks and non-bank financial institutions. Each country should ensure that persons or legal entities that carry out this service illegally are subject to administrative, civil or criminal sanctions Financial Action Task Force Groupe d’Action Financière (FATF-GAFI) © 2014 JuanLlanos
7.
Anonymity = Anathema •
Anonymous identification • No value limits • Anonymous funding • No transaction records • Wide geographical use • No usage limits Cash features F AT F R e p o r t o n N e w P a y m e n t M e t h o d s ( 2 0 0 6 ) © 2014 JuanLlanos
8.
FATF New Payment
Methods Risks F AT F R e p o r t o n N e w P a y m e n t M e t h o d s ( 2 0 1 3 ) © 2014 JuanLlanos
9.
FATF Virtual Currencies
AML Risks F AT F R e p o r t o n V i r t u a l C u r r e n c i e s ( 2 0 1 4 - 0 6 - 3 0 ) Convertible virtual currencies • are potentially vulnerable to money laundering and terrorist financing abuse • may allow greater anonymity than traditional non-cash payment methods Virtual currency systems • can be traded on the Internet (global reach) • generally characterized by non-face-to-face customer relationships • may permit anonymous funding • may permit anonymous transfers • may operate in jurisdictions with inadequate controls Decentralized systems • are vulnerable to anonymity risks. E.g., Bitcoin… • addresses have no names or other customer identification attached • has no central server or service provider • does not require or provide identification and verification of participants • does not generate historical records of transactions associated with real world identity • has no central oversight body • no AML software is currently available to monitor and identify suspicious transaction patterns • law enforcement cannot target one central location or entity for investigative or asset forfeiture purposes © 2014 JuanLlanos
10.
Money Transmitter Regulation
(US) Focus AML/BSA + State Compliance Main Risk Areas Main Statutes and Regs Anti-Money Laundering BSA, USA PATRIOT Act, Money Laundering Acts Anti-Terrorism Financing (CFT) USA PATRIOT Act, OFAC Privacy and Information Security Gramm-Leach-Bliley Safety and soundness State (via licensing) Consumer protection State (via licensing) + Dodd-Frank / Regulation E (CFPB) © 2014 JuanLlanos
11.
Who is a
money transmitter in the USA? IS IS NOT …whoever as a business: • Exchanges virtual currency for government currency, and one virtual currencies for another (e.g., exchanges) • Mines and makes a payment to a third party on behalf of a customer (e.g., for- profit miners) • Accepts value from A and delivers it to B (e.g., some wallets) • Accepts value from A and delivers it to A at a different time or place (e.g., vaults) …whoever • Mines, uses or invests virtual currency for own benefit • Provides network access services to money transmitters • Acts as a payment processor by agreement with a seller or creditor • Acts as intermediary between BSA- regulated institutions © 2014 JuanLlanos
12.
2014 EBA Opinion © 2014
JuanLlanos
13.
Agenda 1. Risk identification Risk
areas Focus on AML 2. Risk mitigation a) Program design tips b) Overview of corporate and product safeguards c) Customer identification and analytics (de-anonymization) 3. Unsolicited (contrarian) advice © 2014 JuanLlanos
14.
1. Always understand
the flow of DATA and the flow of MONEY. 2. Life-cycle management and the right mix of detective and deterrent techniques, including effective training, are key. 3. Document or perish Program Design Tips © 2014 JuanLlanos
15.
1. Map Flows, and
Processes 2. Identify Risks 3. Design Controls 4. Write PPCs 5. Execute and Measure 6. Enhance and Improve Bottom-Up Program Design Spirit of law + Engineering Mindset © 2014 JuanLlanos
16.
AML Program Elements (Section
352 of the USA PATRIOT Act) 1. A designated compliance officer + professional team 2. Written policies and procedures + operational controls: • Licensing, renewal and reporting procedures (S) • Registration, record-keeping and report-filing procedures (F) • KY (Know Your…) Subprograms: Acceptance, monitoring, correction and termination KY…Customer / KY…Agent / KY…Foreign Counterparty / KY…Employee / KY…Vendor • Monitoring, analysis and investigating procedures • OFAC compliance program • Response to official information requests • Privacy and information security protection protocols 3. An on-going training program • Risk & Compliance Committee 4. An independent compliance auditing function CORPORATE Safeguards* © 2014 JuanLlanos
17.
CUSTOMER Identification Non-Face to
Face “Card not present” standards Non-documentary contacting a customer; independently verifying the customer’s identity through the comparison of information provided by the customer with information obtained from a consumer reporting agency, public database, or other source; checking references with other financial institutions; and obtaining a financial statement. Documentary Review an unexpired government-issued form of identification from most customers. This identification must provide evidence of a customer’s nationality or residence and bear a photograph or similar safeguard; examples include a driver’s license or passport. However, other forms of identification may be used if they enable the bank to form a reasonable belief that it knows the true identity of the customer. © 2014 JuanLlanos
18.
“What customers do speaks
so loudly that I cannot hear what they’re saying.” (Paraphrasing Ralph Waldo Emerson) Customer identification vs. customer knowledge BEHAVIORAL ANALYTICS © 2014 JuanLlanos
19.
© 2013 Juan
Llanos Machine Learning (AI) Methods SUPERVISED LEARNING: relies on two labeled classes (good vs. bad) Goal Detect known suspicious patterns 1. Training set: a. Select dataset with clean and dirty cases. b. Classification algorithm to discriminate between the two classes (finds the rules or conditions) a. Probabilities of class 1 and class 2 assignment 2. Run discrimination method on all future purchases. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING: no class labels Goal Detect anomalies 1. Takes recent purchase history and summarize in descriptive statistics. 2. Measure whether selected variables exceed a certain threshold. (deviations from the norm) 3. Sounds alarm and records a high score. © 2014 JuanLlanos
20.
• High amounts •
High frequency • Use of multiple locations • Use of multiple identities • Use of untrusted device • Values just below threshold • Immediate withdrawals Examples of Known Unusual Behaviors © 2014 JuanLlanos
21.
Agenda 1. Risk identification Risk
areas Focus on AML 2. Risk mitigation a) Program design tips b) Overview of corporate and product safeguards c) Customer identification and analytics (de-anonymization) 3. Unsolicited (contrarian) advice © 2014 JuanLlanos
22.
• Prevention trumps
damage control • Risk MGT Both reducing downside and increasing upside • Simplicity and common sense • Train for behavior change, not theoretical knowledge • Form-substance continuum substance • Letter-spirit continuum focus on spirit (underlying purpose and values) facilitates • Operational synergies (leveraging tech) • Compliance without compromising performance • Flexibility and sustainability © 2014 JuanLlanos
23.
Risk Areas • operational •
credit • money laundering • terrorist financing • information loss • liquidity • fraud • Identity Theft Stakeholders • federal agencies • state agencies • investors • consumers • employees • society Goals • safety • soundness • security • privacy • crime prevention • health • integrity Regulation Inevitable, yet valid Risks & Stakeholders Compliance Onerous, yet valuable© 2014 JuanLlanos
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SUBSTANCE (be) Handbooks, written
policies, talk (lawyers, public relations) Operationalization, quality, walk (compliance officers, engineers, leaders) FORM (seem) © 2014 JuanLlanos
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“Prosecutors are looking
for substantive AML programs (not just paper ones) in determining whether you’re a victim or a suspect.” Former federal prosecutor “A well-written AML program will not by itself be sufficient. It’s the everyday operation, the execution and delivery, that matters.” Wells Fargo MSB Risk Manager © 2014 JuanLlanos
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Evolution of Regulatory
Relations VALUES AND CULTURE REGULATORY RELATIONSHIP Minimum Standards As little as can get away with Unthinking, mechanical Compliance Culture By the book Bureaucratic Beyond Compliance Risk focused, self-policing Ethical business Values-based Spirit, not just letter Focus on prevention Strong learning Policing Enforcement lesson Basic training Supervising / Educating Look for early warnings Themed, focused visits Educating / Consulting Culture development Lighter touch Mature relationship Reinforce best practice Benchmark Reallocate resources to problem firms Source: Financial Services Authority, UK Banking © 2014 JuanLlanos
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INNOVATE IMPLEMENT INFLUENCE
28.
© 2014 Juan
Llanos Juan Llanos EVP, Strategic Partnerships & Chief Transparency Officer Bitreserve, Inc. San Francisco, CA Mobile: (917) 684-0560 Email: juan@bitreserve.org LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/juanllanos Twitter: @JuanLlanos Blog: ContrarianCompliance.com Thank you!
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