1. Measures to reduce NO2
NO2 workshop Barcelona, 17-18 June 2010
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© M. Deweis

2. NO2 levels in Austria

3. Current situation – NO2
Exceedances 2008: 21 (16 incl. margin of tolerance) out of 150 sites
Exceedances 2009: 20 (14 incl. MoT) out of 150 sites
Highest levels: 63 g/m³ in 2009 (72 g/m³ in 2008)
Areas concerned:
Large cities – close to traffic (Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg)
Next to highways in alpine valleys (Inn valley, Tauern)
Sources: local up to 90% traffic; lorries 2/3, (diesel)-cars 1/3
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4. Trends – NO2
decline until
2000
increase close
to traffic
2000–2006
slight decline
2007-2009
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5. Trend NO2 at selected traffic sites
Problem: primary NO2 of diesel cars
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6. Projection of future NO2 levels
NOx and NO2 fleet emission factors in urban traffic
Passenger cars gasoline
1.2 12 0.25 2.5
NOx Passenger cars diesel Passenger cars gasoline
NO2
Passenger cars NOx [g/km]
Passenger cars NO2 [g/km]
Passenger cars diesel
1 HDV 10
0.2 HDV 2
HDV NOx [g/km]
HDV NO2 [g/km]
0.8 8
0.15 1.5
0.6 6
0.1 1
0.4 4
0.2 2 0.05 0.5
0 0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year Year
source: S. Hausberger, TU-Graz

7. Trend NOx emissions 1990-2008
traffic: 51%
industry: 22%
residential: 15%
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8. measures in Europe - overview

9. Types of measures
to reduce (traffic) volume (activity)
to change type of vehicles, installations (emission factors)
to change emission factors of vehicles, installations
to re-allocate emissions either spatially or temporally
to confine emissions
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10. Reduction of traffic volume
Congestion charge
Parking schemes
Increase of taxes and charges, road pricing
Sectoral ban (Inn valley motorway)
Encouragement of public transport, bicycles, walking, ...
...
Source: wikipedia
Source: LERK
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11. Type of vehicles, machinery
Source: paultan.org
Stimulating change of vehicle fleet by:
incentives to foster uptake of new EURO
standards, EEVs (e.g. by differentiating
taxes/charges)
incentives for gas, electric, ... vehicles
increase of tax on diesel
Scrappage schemes
Environmental zones, ban of certain
vehicles, machinery
Encourage/require use of electric
machinery instead of gasoline driven
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12. Reduction of emissions at source
Traffic
Speed limit for passenger cars
Remote sensing to detect high emitting vehicles
Reduction of idling of cars and trucks
Traffic, off-road, stationary
Selective Catalytic Reduction SCR
(retrofitting, e.g. for ships, locomotives, stationary sources)
shore-side electricity for ships
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) limitations, use of Ground Power Unit
change of fuel (lower N-content)
Residential heating
district heating, new installations, Combined Heat and Power Production
CHP, thermal insulation, ...
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13. Re-allocation, confinement of
emissions
Bypass roads, tunnels
Night-time ban of HDV (Inntal motorway)
Ban of through-traffic
(Higher stacks)
Noise barriers
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14. interaction with other measures

15. Synergies and antagonisms
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16. no-regret measures
(in most cases)
Energy savings
Efficiency improvements
Combined heat and power generation
Advanced residential combustion
Reduction in traffic volume
Speed limits for passenger cars
Bans
Shore-side electricity for ships
...
BUT: impact assessment might be needed 16

17. Antagonistic measures
GHG reduction, increase of NOx
Increased use of biomass, some biofuels (when
w/o changeover)
(Increased share of Diesel)*
Carbon capture and storage
PM reduction, increase of NOx
Diesel particle filter (in some cases; esp. increase
of primary NO2) Source:
http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/research.htm
NOx reduction, increase of GHG
SCR, SNCR might lead to small decrease of
efficiency (not for traffic!)
increased use of natural gas (CH4 )
* thwarted by increased weight, power of diesel vehicles 17
Source: BMW

18. Synergies
In general, synergies with GHG, PM reduction can be
expected
Reduction of costs to achieve environmental targets due to
climate & energy package
IIASA 2007, NEC report #5
costs C&EP
costs TSAP
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19. examples of measures

20. Low emission zones
named in 2008/50/EG Annex XV B
Implemented in:
London
Lund, Göteborg, Malmö, Stockholm
40 cities in Germany
several Italian cities
NL, DK
...
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21. Sectoral ban (AT)
Ban of transport of specific goods by HDV on motorway
(waste, rocks, soil, rubble, timber, cork, cars, steel, tiles)
Piggy-back transport on rail
Implemented May 2008 / January 2009
Reduction of ≈200,000 HDV p.a.
Reduction NO2 levels of 1.5%
Infringement procedure launched
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source: Federal Province of Tyrol

22. Other measures
Taxes, charges
Congestion charge in Stockholm, London
Source: svd.se
NOx charge for installations in SE, NL, NO
NOx bubble for airports (CH)
Source: svd.se
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23. Speed limits for passenger cars
motorways in AT, ES, NL, ...
reduction e.g. from 130/120 to 100 or
80km/h
side effects: less noise, GHG,
accidents, injuries source: Air Quality Plans Technical Office. Environment and
Housing Department. Autonomous Government of Catalonia
Rotterdam, Inn valley:
-3 to -5 g/m³ NO2
Enforcement decisive
Inner-city effect (30km/h) small
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24. NO2 level dependent speed limit (AT)
Reason: political and public acceptance
Reduction v(cars) from 130km/h to 100km/h
Dependent on dispersion conditions, number
and emissions of cars
Same effect of permanent speed limit during
winter, 75% of whole year
High share of diesel cars
high share for NO2 levels
Costs: 2–5 Mio. €, if display necessary
(permanent speed limit more cost effective)
Quelle: Ökoscience 2007
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25. Retrofitting
SCR retrofitting possible for HDV, buses, off-road
Has to be customized for each application,
in some cases for each bus line
High reduction of NOx (40-90%) possible
Costs:
LDV ≈3,500€
HDV ≈ 10,000€
Retrofitting not feasible for passenger cars
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26. Pilot projects for construction sites
(AT)
charge dependent on EURO standard and
transport distance
transport via rail, ships
recycling of waste at site
problem: higher costs of rail transport,
public procurement laws, EU law (particle
filters)
guidance documents (similar to Swiss
guidance)
© M. Deweis
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27. impact of projects for construction
sites
charge dependent on EURO standards, distance
85 % EURO III (2005–2006)
-75 % HDV km
recycling of waste at site
-35 % HDV trips
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28. challenges & summary

29. challenges in Austria
Compliance with LVs in 2011 and 2015, time extension NO2
large gap in some areas drastic (traffic) measures necessary
hardly any reduction of NO2 levels (primary NO2 emissions,
diesel-cars, type approval cycle)
quantification of impact of measures
political and public acceptance
exemptions for certain vehicles, installations
fragmentation of responsibility
compliance with NEC
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30. Summary & conclusions
(diesel) cars are dominant source for NO2 exceedances
No single measure will result in compliance in many areas
In some areas in Europe, even EURO 6/VI will not result in
compliance until 2020
CC measures support AQ, leads to a reduction of costs for
AQ, even though some measures do have an antagonistic
effect. Impact assessment might be necessary
Retrofitting not possible for all types of vehicles
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31. Contact & Information
Christian Nagl
+43-1-31304-5866, christian.nagl@umweltbundesamt.at
NO2 workshop Brussels 14-15 April 2010:
http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/ambient/library?l=/event
s/workshop_14-15_2010&vm=detailed&sb=Title
Umweltbundesamt NO2 Workshop
www.umweltbundesamt.at Barcelona ■ 17-18 June 2010
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32. further information

33. measures of NEC program 2010
traffic
M.1 – increase of tax on fuels
M.2 – increase of road pricing for HDV at highways
M.3 – promoting fuel-efficient driving
M.4 – support for early uptake of EURO 5/6 standards for
passenger cars
M.5 – traffic control systems
M.6 – promoting mobility management
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34. measures of NEC program 2010
traffic
M.7 – improvements rail freight traffic
M.8 – control of road freight traffic
M.9 – promoting pedestrian and bicycle traffic
M.10 – improvements in ship traffic (Danube river)
M.11 – scrappage scheme
M.12 – road pricing for HDV dependent on EURO standard
M.13 – R&D in the transport sector
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35. measures of NEC program 2010
stationary sources
S.1 promotion use sulphur free oil
S.2 voluntary agreement with the energy industry
S.3 voluntary agreement with the cement industry
S.4 voluntary agreement with the refinery
S.5 amendment to the combustion regulation
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36. measures of NEC program 2010
domestic heating
H.1 replacement of solid fuel single stoves
H.2 solar heating and heat pump
H.3 replacement of old heating systems
H.4 improve energy efficiency of buildings
H.5 reinforced advice and control of solid fuel heating systems
H.6 replacement of light fuel oil by higher graded oil
H.7 promoting district heating
H.8 sulphur free light fuel oil
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