The cervix is the muscular lower portion of the uterus that holds in pregnancies and dilates during labor. Cervical cancer occurs in several forms. The most common is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 85 to 90 percent of cervical cancers. Other forms include adenocarcinomas and combination cancers such as adenosquamous carcinoma. Some strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus transmitted during sex, play a role in causing most cases of cervical cancer.

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Most Advanced Cervical Cancer Treatment in India: The main
cause of cervical cancer is HPV a common virus that spreads
through sexual intercourse
Cervical cancer originates in the cervix, the lower part of the
uterus (womb) and opens into the vagina. It arises from the cells
present on the surface of the cervix.

2. The cervix is the muscular lower portion of the uterus that holds
in pregnancies and dilates during labor. Cervical cancer occurs in
several forms. The most common is squamous cell carcinoma,
which accounts for 85 to 90 percent of cervical cancers. Other
forms include adenocarcinomas and combination cancers such as
adenosquamous carcinoma. Some strains of the human
papillomavirus (HPV), a virus transmitted during sex, play a role
in causing most cases of cervical cancer.
Causes
Cervical cancer stands as the third most common type of cancer in
women. The main cause is HPV (Human Papilloma Virus), a
common virus that spreads through sexual intercourse.
Risk factors
* Having premature sex
* Having more than one sexual partner
* Poor socioeconomic status
* Weakened immune system
Symptoms
* Vaginal bleeding after menopause
* Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
* Bleeding after intercourse
* Heavy menstrual or intermenstrual bleeding
Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer
* Low backache
* Pain in the pelvis
* Exhaustion
* Excretion of urine or feces through the vagina
* Single swollen leg
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
Investigations

3. Screening tests
* For pre-cancer and cancer, Pap smear screens are effective,
though not for final diagnosis.
* Colposcopy is carried out if abnormal changes are discovered. In
this procedure, pieces of tissue are surgically removed (biopsy)
and sent to a laboratory for examination under magnification.
Diagnosis tests
* Endocervical curettage (ECC) is used to examine the opening of
the cervix
* Cone biopsy
* Punch biopsy from cervical growth
Staging tests
* Chest X-ray
* CT scan or MRI
* Cystoscopy
* Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
Treatment plan
The treatment of cervical cancer depends on:
* Stage
* Size and shape of the tumour
* The woman's desire to have children in the future
* The woman's age and general health
Treatment of early cervical cancers
* To ensure that a woman can bear children in the future,
removing the precancerous or cancerous tissue without removing
the uterus or harming the cervix, can cure early cervical cancer.
* Pre-cancerous conditions are curable when followed up and
administered proper treatment.

4. * 92 per cent of women with cervical cancer have a five-year
survival rate.
Treatment of advanced cervical cancers
* Radical hysterectomy: The uterus and much of the surrounding
tissues are removed, including lymph nodes and the upper part of
the vagina.
*Radiation therapy: It is used in cases where the cancer has
spread beyond the pelvis, or cancer that has returned.
Radiation therapy is of two types:
* External radiation therapy is like an X-ray and delivers radiation
from a large
machine onto the part of the body where the cancer is located.
* Internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy entails placing a
device filled with radioactive material inside the woman's vagina.
* Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Image
Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) help deliver radiation to the tumour
and adjacent tissues sparing nearby normal structures like
urinary bladder, rectum and intestines and thus preventing long
term complications.
* Chemotherapy uses drugs such as carboplatin, paclitaxel, 5-FU
and cisplatin to destroy cervical cancer. It is generally used along
with radiation to sensitize the tumour. Radiation and
chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery.
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