The document discusses coffee and cacao agriculture. Coffee is the second most traded commodity globally and the United States is the largest consumer. Fair trade certification aims to provide fair prices to farmers and support economically disadvantaged producers. Shade-grown coffee certification promotes ecological sustainability by maintaining diverse shade trees that provide habitat for birds and other species. Research in Cameroon found high diversity of both shade tree and bird species in small cacao farms, with many birds foraging in the cacao layer and consuming insects. Certain tree species used by hornbills for food and nesting are also beneficial for farmers.

1. Fair Trade: Coffee and Cacao
.
Data provided by Tom Dietsch, Center for Tropical Research

2. Coffee Agriculture
 Trade; Second largest internationally traded
commodity [Oil. Is #1]
 Consumption: United States is the largest
consumer, (26% of world consumption).
 Coffee Drinkers in the US? 130 million
 Geography of Origin : Highlands of
Ethiopia.
 American brew: Brought to the Americas
in early 1700’s.

4. Variations in Coffee Agroecosystems (Moguel and Toledo 1999)
Rustic
T ra d itio n a l
Sh a d e d
Traditional
Polyculture (ÒCoffee
Garden Ó )
Comercial Polyculture
M o d e rn
U n sh a d e d
Shaded Monoculture
Unshaded
Monoculture

6. Shade Grown: Community Benefits
 Timber: Commercial and household
 Fruit: Sold at local markets; eaten at home
 Medicines: Medicinal Plants
 Financial Exchange
--bartering
 Spices
 Edibles [nuts, berries]

9. Coffee Crisis
 Governance: International Aid: promotes
intensification
 Markets: Declining coffee prices - ~$0.30
per lb from $2.75 in 1994.
 Growers: Farmer response - more
intensification and extensification
 Household Finance: Poverty for small
landowners and workers
 Alternative Markets: A solution? Socially-
responsible certification.

10. Types of Coffee Certification
 Organic - no agrochemical use
 Fair-trade
 Shade-grown
 Cause-related

11. Fair-Trade
 Markets: Farmers are paid a fair
price for harvest. For coffee -
guaranteed $1.26 per pound ($1.41
for certified organic coffee)
 Governance: Organized into
democratically-organized
cooperatives
 Producer – Consumer Relationship:
Sell direct to buyers in consuming
countries
 Personal Finance: Consumers pay
certification costs

12. Fair Trade:
Economic/Financial Sustainability
•Create opportunities for economically disadvantaged
producers
•Pay a fair price, above the minimum wage at the
location of production
Knowledge: Educational Sustainability
•Build knowledge capacity across sectors: financial,
markets, growing and producing techniques, strategies,
and practices
Social Sustainability
•Facilitate gender Equity
•Mandate safe, healthy work conditions

13. Shade-grown: Ecological
sustainability
 No ecological net loss!
 Riparian Buffers
 Species Composition
of Shade Trees.
 Shade Cover
 Canopy Structure
 Epiphytes

14. Cause-related: Social
Sustainability
 Proceeds from sales go to aid social or
environmental organizations.
Example Organizations
 Coffee Kids
 Café Solidario
 Starbucks - Conservation Coffee
 Thanksgiving Coffee Company

15. Ecosystem Services from Birds
 Aesthetic/Cultural
 Pollination
 Pest Control
 Panama
 Seed Dispersal
 Cameroon

16. Hornbill Ecology and Conservation
Long distance movements by Ceratogymna
hornbills in dry season (Holbrook & Smith 2000).

17. In Cameroon, most
cacao is grown under
diverse shade by small
farmers (1-2 ha).

18. Study Locations

19. Methods
 Sampled 7 cacao-producing villages
 4 cacao farms per village.
 Bird Sampling
 2 days mist-netting per farm
 45 minute area search per farm
 Vegetation Sampling
 3 25x25m plots per farm
 Overstory trees (dbh & height)
 Density & height of cacao

20. Cameroon Results
 Bird species richness in Cameroon
 150 bird species in cacao farms
• 56 species captured in cacao layer (mist nets)
 Very few migratory species are using cacao farms
 80 species estimated for Primary forests (Waltert et al. 2005)
 70 species estimated for Cocoa Agroforests (Waltert et al. 2005)
 Tree species richness
 112 cocoa shade tree species
• 192 shade tree species in STCP database
 230 tree species known in Dja reserve
(Dietsch et al., this study) (Sonwa 2000) (Fogiel unpublished) (Waltert et al. 2005)

21. Majority of birds in Cacao layer consume
insects
Highly Skewed Distribution
100%
80% Omnivores
60% Insectivores
Nectivores
40% Granivores
20% Frugivores
0%
Abundance Diversity

22. Bird diversity in Cacao layer compared with
shade layer
100%
80% Omnivores
Insectivores
60%
Nectivores
40% Granivores
20% Frugivores
Carnivores
0%
Aerial Feeders
Cacao layer with Shade
layer

23. Tree species used by Ceratogymna hornbills in Dja
reserve (Whitney et al. 1998), also found in Cocoa
farms with farmer uses.

24. Cameroon: Summary
 High diversity of shade tree in cocoa farms
 High bird diversity in cocoa farms
 High proportion of bird diversity and abundance in the
cacao layer consume insects
 Many tree species can provide food resources for hornbills
 Trees used by hornbills are also useful for farmers –
potential “Win-Win” scenario