Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste and other substances throughout the body. It is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. There are four main blood types (A, B, AB, O) which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also important, as a negative mother can produce antibodies if exposed to a positive baby's blood. Diseases of the blood include leukemia, where abnormal white blood cells are overproduced, and anemia, where red blood cells cannot carry enough oxygen.

1. BLOOD
Section 3.2

3. Function of Blood
•Blood carries oxygen from your lungs to all
your body cells.
•Blood also carries carbon dioxide from your
cells to your lungs to be exhaled.
•Blood carries waste products from your cells
to your kidneys to be removed.

4. Function of Blood
•Blood transports nutrients and other
substances to your body cells.
•Cells and molecules in blood fight infections
and help heal wounds.

5. Colour of Blood
•blood is always red - bright red when it is
oxygenated and a darker red when it's lacking
oxygen.
•Deoxygenated blood just “looks” blue because
you're seeing it through your skin.
•oxygen poor blood is most definitely NOT blue.
it is a sort of purplish/maroon color at best.

6. Colour of Blood
•Realize that to see the vein at all, light has to
go THROUGH the skin and hit the blood in the
vein. The blood absorbs certain colours of
light, and reflects others back through the
skin. For some reason, the combination of these
effects gives a blue color.

7. How much blood do you have?
•On average, about 8% of your body weight is blood.
•Therefore….60kg *0.08 = 4.8kg
•You have about 6.67 L of blood.

8. What’s in your blood
•Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells

9. What’s in your blood

10. What’s in your blood
•Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•Liquid part of blood
•Mostly water
•Makes up more than half the volume
of blood (55%)
•Nutrients, minerals, oxygen and
wastes are dissolved in plasma

11. •Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•Irregularly shaped cell fragments
•Help clot blood
▫They plug holes in small vessels.
▫They release chemicals that help form
filaments of fibrin.
•A cubic millimeter of blood has…..
•400,000 platelets
•Life span: 5-9 days
What’s in your blood

12. •Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
▫Red Blood Cells are disk-shaped blood
cells that have no nuclei and contain
hemoglobin.
▫Hemoglobin carries oxygen and some
carbon dioxide (the rest of the CO2 is
carried in the cytoplasm of the red blood
cell)
▫Hemoglobin is made of an iron compound
that gives blood its red colour.
What’s in your blood

13. •Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•The life span of a red blood cell is 120
days (4 months)
•They are made at a rate of 2-3 million
per second. WOW!!!
•Where are they made? Bone Marrow
•RBC are also destroyed at about the
same rate, 2-3 million per second
•1 cubic millimeter of blood has 5 million
red blood cells!!! WOW!!
What’s in your blood

14. •Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•We have approximately 25-30 trillion
RBC in our bodies at any given time.
•Each RBC has 250 million hemoglobin
molecules.
•Every hemoglobin can hold 4 O2
molecules.
•How many O2 molecules can one RBC
carry?
•One Billion!!!
What’s in your blood

15. •Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•1 cubic millimeter of blood has
only 5,000 to 10,000 white blood
cells.
•Function: fight bacteria, viruses
and other invaders.
•Your body produces more white
blood cells when invaders enter
your body.
What’s in your blood

16. •Plasma
•Platelets
•Red blood cells
•White blood cells
•WBC Leave blood through the
capillary walls and go into the
tissues that have been invaded.
•Here they fight the intruder.
•Life span: few days to many
months.
•There are several types, sizes, and
shapes of white blood cells.
What’s in your blood

17. Blood Clotting
•What stops the bleeding?
•Platelets stick to the wound and release chemicals.
•Then clotting factors carry out a series of
chemical reactions.

18. •The reactions cause
threadlike fibers called
fibrin to form a sticky
net.
•The net traps escaping
blood cells and plasma
and forms a clot.
Blood Clotting

19. •The reactions cause
threadlike fibers called
fibrin to form a sticky
net.
•The net traps escaping
blood cells and plasma
and forms a clot.
Blood Clotting

20. •Once the clot becomes hard, skin cells begin to
reform under the scab.
•Eventually the scab is lifted off, revealing
fresh, new skin!
Blood Clotting

21. •What if you can’t clot??
•You have a genetic disorder called hemophilia.
•You lack one of the clotting factors that begin
the clotting process.
Blood Clotting

23. Blood Types

24. Blood Types
•There are 4 different blood
types:
•a, b, ab and o
•Types a, b and ab have
chemical identification tags
called antigens on their red
blood cells. Type O red blood
cells have no antigens.

25. Blood Types
•Each blood type has specific antibodies in its plasma.
They are proteins in your plasma that destroy or
neutralize substances that do not belong to your body.
•Because of this, certain blood types cannot mix. If type
A is mixed with type B blood, the type A antibodies
determine that the type B does not belong there. The
antibodies will cause the type B red blood cells to
clump.

26. Blood Types
•What would happen if type AB had antibodies?

27. Blood Types

28. Rh Factor
•Another chemical id tag in blood is the Rh factor.
•If the Rh factor is on red blood cells, the person has Rh-
positive (Rh +) blood.
•If the Rh factor is not on the red blood cells, the person
has Rh-negative (Rh - ) blood.
•If an Rh- person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh
+ person, he or she will produce antibodies against the
Rh+ factor. Clots will then form in the blood vessels and
the person will die.

29. Rh Factor
•If an Rh- mother is pregnant with an Rh+ baby, the
mother might make antibodies to the child’s Rh factor.
Close to the time of birth, Rh antibodies from the mother
can pass from her blood into the baby’s blood.
•These antibodies can destroy the baby’s red blood cells.
•If this occurs, the baby will have to receive a blood
transfusion before or after the birth.

30. Rh Factor
•But at 28 weeks, the mother can receive an injection that
blocks the production of antibodies to the Rh+ factor.
•These injections prevent the life-threatening situation.

31. Diseases of Blood
•Leukemia
▫a disease in which one or more types of white blood cells
are made in excessive numbers.
▫These cells are immature and do not fight infections well.
▫they fill the bone marrow and crowd out the normal
cells.
▫Then not enough red & white blood cells and platelets
can be made.

32. Diseases of Blood
•Leukemia
▫Types of leukemia affect children or adults.
▫medicines, blood transfusions, and bone marrow
transplants are used to treat this disease.

33. Diseases of Blood
•Anemia
▫Anemia is a disease of the Red Blood CElls, in which body
cells can’t get enough oxygen and are unable to carry on
their usual activities.
▫Causes:
๏Loss of blood
๏diet lacking iron or certain vitamins
๏side effect of the treatment of another disease

34. Diseases of Blood
•Anemia
▫One type of anemia results from the disease Sickle Cell
Anemia, a recessive genetic disorder.
▫In sickle cell anemia the red blood cells are abnormally
shaped and cannot carry oxygen properly.