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Chapter
  21      Fungi
What are Fungi?
• The way in which Fungi grow from
  the ground once led scientists to
  classify them as
  nonphotosynthetic plants
• However, they are not plants at
  all, fungi are very different
• Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs
  that have cell walls
Chitin
• A complex carbohydrate that
  makes up the cell walls of fungi
Fungi Nutrition
• Remember that heterotrophs depend on
  other organisms for food
• Unlike animals, fungi do not ingest their
  food
• Instead they digest food outside their
  bodies and then absorb it
• Many feed by absorbing nutrients from
  decaying matter in the soil (decomposers)
• Others live as parasites, absorbing
  nutrients from their hosts
Structure and Function of Fungi
• All fungi are multicellular with the
  exception of yeast
• Multicellular fungi are composed
  of thin filaments called hyphae
Structure and Function of Fungi
Fungus Structure
• The bodies of multicellular fungi
  are composed of many hyphae
  tangled together into a thick mass
  called a mycelium
Fungus Structure
Fruiting body
• The reproductive structure
  growing from the mycelium in the
  soil that you recognize as a
  mushroom
Fungi reproduction
• Most fungi reproduce both
  asexually and sexually
Spore
• A reproductive cell that is capable
  of growing into a new organism by
  mitosis alone
• This is how fungi spread
Fungal spore
Fungi reproduction
• Sexual reproduction involves two
  different mating types (+ and -)
• When two hyphae of opposite
  mating types meet, their nuclei
  fuse together
Types of fungi
zygomycetes
Sac Fungi
Yeast
Club Fungi
Imperfect fungi
Ecology of Fungi
• Fungi have been around since life first
  moved onto land
• Paleontologists think that fungi helped
  early plants to obtain nutrients from the
  ground
• Their early appearance suggests that
  fungi may have been essential to plants
  successful colonization of the land
• Overtime, fungi have become an important
  part of virtually all ecosystems
Edible and Inedible
      Mushrooms
• Many types of mushrooms are
  considered delicious
• Although wild mushrooms are edible,
  many are poisonous
• You should never pick or eat
  mushrooms in the wild
• Leave mushroom gathering to the
  experts
All Fungi Are Heterotrophs
• Many are saprobes
• Others are parasites
• Others are symbionts that live in
  close and mutually beneficial
  association with other species
Saprobes
• Organisms that obtain food from
  decaying organic matter
Carnivorous Fungi
• Pleurotus ostreatus
Fungi as Decomposers
• Fungi play an essential role in
  maintaining equilibrium in nearly
  every ecosystem
• They recycle nutrients by
  breaking down the bodies and
  wastes of other organisms by
  releasing digestive enzymes
Fungi as Parasites
• As useful as many fungi are
  others can infect both animals
  and plants and cause diseases
• Ex.) Wheat rust, athelets foot,
  Candida, Cordyceps
Cordyceps
Symbiotic Relationships
• Some fungi form symbiotic
  relationships in which both
  partners benefit
Lichens
• Symbiotic association between a
  fungus and a photosynthetic
  organism
Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint
Lichens
• The algae or cyanobacteria - Carries
  out photosynthesis providing the
  fungus with food
• The fungus provides the algae or
  bacteria with – water and minerals
  that it collects and also protects the
  delicate algae cell
• Lichens are often the first organisms
  to enter barren environments
Mycorrhizae
• Symbiotic relationship between plant
  roots and fungi
• Fungi allow plants to – absorb more
  water and minerals
• Fungi also release enzymes that –
  free nutrients into the soil
• Plants provide fungi with – the
  products of photosynthesis
Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint

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Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint

  • 1. Chapter 21 Fungi
  • 2. What are Fungi? • The way in which Fungi grow from the ground once led scientists to classify them as nonphotosynthetic plants • However, they are not plants at all, fungi are very different • Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls
  • 3. Chitin • A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi
  • 4. Fungi Nutrition • Remember that heterotrophs depend on other organisms for food • Unlike animals, fungi do not ingest their food • Instead they digest food outside their bodies and then absorb it • Many feed by absorbing nutrients from decaying matter in the soil (decomposers) • Others live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from their hosts
  • 5. Structure and Function of Fungi • All fungi are multicellular with the exception of yeast • Multicellular fungi are composed of thin filaments called hyphae
  • 7. Fungus Structure • The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass called a mycelium
  • 9. Fruiting body • The reproductive structure growing from the mycelium in the soil that you recognize as a mushroom
  • 10. Fungi reproduction • Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually
  • 11. Spore • A reproductive cell that is capable of growing into a new organism by mitosis alone • This is how fungi spread
  • 13. Fungi reproduction • Sexual reproduction involves two different mating types (+ and -) • When two hyphae of opposite mating types meet, their nuclei fuse together
  • 17. Yeast
  • 20. Ecology of Fungi • Fungi have been around since life first moved onto land • Paleontologists think that fungi helped early plants to obtain nutrients from the ground • Their early appearance suggests that fungi may have been essential to plants successful colonization of the land • Overtime, fungi have become an important part of virtually all ecosystems
  • 21. Edible and Inedible Mushrooms • Many types of mushrooms are considered delicious • Although wild mushrooms are edible, many are poisonous • You should never pick or eat mushrooms in the wild • Leave mushroom gathering to the experts
  • 22. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs • Many are saprobes • Others are parasites • Others are symbionts that live in close and mutually beneficial association with other species
  • 23. Saprobes • Organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
  • 25. Fungi as Decomposers • Fungi play an essential role in maintaining equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem • They recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms by releasing digestive enzymes
  • 26. Fungi as Parasites • As useful as many fungi are others can infect both animals and plants and cause diseases • Ex.) Wheat rust, athelets foot, Candida, Cordyceps
  • 28. Symbiotic Relationships • Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit
  • 29. Lichens • Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
  • 32. Lichens • The algae or cyanobacteria - Carries out photosynthesis providing the fungus with food • The fungus provides the algae or bacteria with – water and minerals that it collects and also protects the delicate algae cell • Lichens are often the first organisms to enter barren environments
  • 33. Mycorrhizae • Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi • Fungi allow plants to – absorb more water and minerals • Fungi also release enzymes that – free nutrients into the soil • Plants provide fungi with – the products of photosynthesis