The scientific method is a philosophy and attitude that guides scientific research through a process of making systematic observations, developing hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, analyzing data, and publishing results. It aims to extract dependable concepts from sensory experiences and promote scientific aims through empirical investigation rather than fixed procedures. Key aspects of the scientific method include observing phenomena, constructing tentative explanations through hypotheses, devising experiments to test hypotheses, organizing and analyzing experimental data, and communicating results to allow progress.

1. By Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

2. Scientific Method

3.  is not a method in a sense of procedure, but rather an
attitude and a philosophy providing guidance by which
dependable over-all concepts can be extracted from
impressions that penetrates in a man’s senses from the
outside world
 as the search of the general set of instructions or
“recipe” for getting scientific research.
 an attempt to describe the general aims of science.
 thought of as whatever in practice serves to promote
those aims. Asking what all the various subjects
popularly called “sciences” have in common would
yield only beatitudes like “Don’t jump to conclusions in the
absence of firm evidence”.

4.  is a way of explaining a
major aspect of nature put
together from a large body
of information. Example is
on the visible light, or white
light, which is consists of a
collection of component
colors. These colors are often
observed as light passes
through a triangular prism.
Upon passage through the
prism, the white light is
separated into its component
colors - red, orange, yellow,
green, blue and violet.

6. 1. Making systematic
observation
Direct observation is
through systems of
vision, hearing, taste,
olfaction and touch.
Indirect observation is
through the use of
special equipments
with perception.
Making systematic
observations means
focusing one or more
senses on a particular
object or event in the
environment and
screening out
information that has
nothing to do with the
problem.
Observation is of two
types: direct and
indirect

7.  Hypothesizing is putting together a
tentative explanation to account for an
observation.
 Hypothesis is a suggested explanation for a
collection of known facts. It must be
measurable and the test must not so loosely
conceived that they cannot be duplicated or
verified. Experiments are devised to test
whatever predictions derived from the
hypothesis Hypothesis must be constructed
in a manner that it will provide a
framework for implementing the results of
an experiment. Its content must be more
specific than a problem and often it is
worded in the negative structure.

8. Experiments are conducted to control all variables except
the one under study.
What are variables?
 Variables are events or conditions subject to change.
Examples are the amount of light, temperature and
moisture.
Variables are classified into:
 Independent variables involve the condition or event
under study
 Dependent variables are conditions that can possibly
change because of the presence of, or change in,
dependent variables.
 Controlled variables, conditions that could either /or
not affect the outcome of an experiment but that do
not, because they are held constant.
The one conducting the experiment observes or
manipulates one independent variable at a time to
identify any effects it has on dependent variables

9.  After the
experiments, the
collected data and
test results are
organized using
data tables or
graphs. These are
used to organize
information for
analysis.

10.  Data have value only when
valid generalizations are
from them. Such
generalizations must be
based entirely on facts
observed in the
experiments. If the
experiments confirm the
hypothesis, the hypothesis
may be elevated to the
more certain status of
a theory. However, such a
theory is never – in the
strict sense – logical
conclusion from the
observed facts.

11.  It is the obligation and
responsibility of the
research scientists to
publish their studies and
results. Scientific
literature keeps scientist
aware and updated of
research in their respective
fields. The exchange of
information thus saves
time, effort and money and
thereby speeds up
scientific progress.