2. Innovación
David Luna
Editor General
Revista
Grupo Editorial Expansión
A Time Inc Company
dluna@expansion.com.mx
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
3. Innovación
David Luna
Editor General
Revista MANU
FACTURA
Grupo Editorial Expansión
A Time Inc Company
dluna@expansion.com.mx
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
10. “Si queremos entender la creatividad necesitamos
entender los procesos de selección. ¿Cómo podemos
mejorar la creatividad mejorando la manera en que
seleccionamos e implementamos nuevas ideas?”
— Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
29. the 4 main areas of a business model
6
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
30. hardware
design! lovemark!
record
companies! switching
marketing! costs!
seamless mass
music market!
experience!
iPod
hardware! apple.com!
&
OEMs! content !
nts
agreeme iTunes iTunes retail
software! store! stores!
people!
Apple Apple
brand! stores!
large
manu- some hardwa
re
facturing! marketing music revenu
! es!
people & sales! revenues!
30
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
36. A corporation is a living
organism; it has to
continue to shed its skin.
Methods have to change.
Focus has to change.
Values have to change.
The sum total of those
changes is
transformation.
— Andrew Grove
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
38. “La Innovación no es una opción, es un requisito
fundamental para sobrevivir. En el transcurso de la
historia las sociedades innovadoras han vencido
siempre a sus rivales menos creativos”.
— Kaihan Krippendorff
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
46. “La innovación es el polvo mágico que puede hacer de nuestros
países, ciudades o pueblos, lugares atractivos, dinámicos y dignos
para vivir e invertir. En estos tiempos difíciles es crucial que
nuestras políticas se orienten hacia la creación del mejor ambiente
posible para que la innovación florezca y se disemine. Nuestros
políticos, por lo tanto, no deben pensar como mecánicos, sino
como jardineros”
— José Ángel Gurría
8 de Junio de 2009, Montreal, Canada
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
55. MEXICO
Over the past decade Mexico’s efforts graduates that enter the domestic labour
have focused on achieving macroeconomic market.
stability and stronger growth. However, its Mexico’s technological and scientific
reforms have not led to the productivity performance, as measured by patents and
growth necessary to catch up to other publications, is low, and knowledge-
OECD countries. Continued structural intensive market services, such as post
reforms will be needed to put the country and telecommunications, represent a very
on a firm basis to boost innovation, produc- small share of gross value added (less
tivity and growth. than 13% in 2004 compared to an OECD
average of 20%). More positively, inter-
Mexico’s level of development affects
national linkages appear well developed,
its innovation system. Its assets include a
especially with the United States. There is a
young population and geographical prox-
high rate of foreign ownership of domestic
imity to the largest market in the OECD
inventions (61% in 2001-03) and of inter-
area. However, various structural weak-
national co-inventions (45% in 2002-04), as
nesses inhibit innovation, including gaps in
evidenced by applications to the European
physical infrastructure, restrictive regula-
Patent Office. Technology exports also grew
tions, and, most importantly, a low level of
strongly from 1996 to 2005, by over 10% a
human capital.
year on average. Uptake of technology is
Mexico’s R&D intensity is one of the also improving; the Internet domain .mx
lowest in the OECD area; gross domestic had the highest average annual growth
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.5% of GDP. (67%) in Internet hosts in the OECD area
However, this ratio is not out of line with between 1998 and 2006.
Mexico’s income level, and growth in (real) The government’s innovation policy
GERD has been robust, averaging almost provides one of the most favourable tax
10% a year from 1996 to 2005. Public insti- treatments for R&D in the OECD area, with
tutions and universities continue to play an one unit of R&D expenditure resulting in
important role in R&D; the business sector 0.37 units of tax relief. Government fund-
finances 47% of R&D and performs just ing for business R&D has also increased;
under 50%, below the OECD average. the share of business R&D financed by
The number of science and engineer- government more than doubled from 2.8%
ing graduates as a proportion of all new in 1995 to 5.7% in 2005.
degrees is above the OECD average, with a The key challenge at this stage is to
quarter of new university degrees in 2005. establish supportive underlying conditions
However, university graduates are a small for innovation, particularly with respect to
group, and the majority of the working-age education levels and the competitive
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
population leaves school before attaining and regulatory environment. Enhancing
56. MEXICO
Over the past decade Mexico’s efforts graduates that enter the domestic labour
have focused on achieving macroeconomic market.
stability and stronger growth. However, its Mexico’s technological and scientific
reforms have not led to the productivity performance, as measured by patents and
growth necessary to catch up to other publications, is low, and knowledge-
OECD countries. Continued structural intensive market services, such as post
reforms will be needed to put the country and telecommunications, represent a very
on a firm basis to boost innovation, produc- small share of gross value added (less
tivity and growth. than 13% in 2004 compared to an OECD
average of 20%). More positively, inter-
Mexico’s level of development affects
national linkages appear well developed,
its innovation system. Its assets include a
especially with the United States. There is a
young population and geographical prox-
high rate of foreign ownership of domestic
imity to the largest market in the OECD
inventions (61% in 2001-03) and of inter-
area. However, various structural weak-
national co-inventions (45% in 2002-04), as
Debilidad estructural que inhibe la
nesses inhibit innovation, including gaps in
evidenced by applications to the European
physical infrastructure, restrictive regula-
Patent Office. Technology exports also grew
tions, and, most importantly, a low level of
innovación, como la brecha existente en
strongly from 1996 to 2005, by over 10% a
human capital.
year on average. Uptake of technology is
Mexico’s R&D intensity is one of the also improving; the Internet domain .mx
infraestructura física, regulaciones restrictivas
lowest in the OECD area; gross domestic
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.5% of GDP.
had the highest average annual growth
(67%) in Internet hosts in the OECD area
However, this ratio is not out of line with
y un bajo nivel en el capital humano.
between 1998 and 2006.
Mexico’s income level, and growth in (real) The government’s innovation policy
GERD has been robust, averaging almost provides one of the most favourable tax
10% a year from 1996 to 2005. Public insti- treatments for R&D in the OECD area, with
tutions and universities continue to play an one unit of R&D expenditure resulting in
important role in R&D; the business sector 0.37 units of tax relief. Government fund-
finances 47% of R&D and performs just ing for business R&D has also increased;
under 50%, below the OECD average. the share of business R&D financed by
The number of science and engineer- government more than doubled from 2.8%
ing graduates as a proportion of all new in 1995 to 5.7% in 2005.
degrees is above the OECD average, with a The key challenge at this stage is to
quarter of new university degrees in 2005. establish supportive underlying conditions
However, university graduates are a small for innovation, particularly with respect to
group, and the majority of the working-age education levels and the competitive
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
population leaves school before attaining and regulatory environment. Enhancing
57. MEXICO
Over the past decade Mexico’s efforts graduates that enter the domestic labour
have focused on achieving macroeconomic market.
stability and stronger growth. However, its Mexico’s technological and scientific
reforms have not led to the productivity performance, as measured by patents and
growth necessary to catch up to other publications, is low, and knowledge-
OECD countries. Continued structural intensive market services, such as post
reforms will be needed to put the country and telecommunications, represent a very
on a firm basis to boost innovation, produc- small share of gross value added (less
tivity and growth. than 13% in 2004 compared to an OECD
average of 20%). More positively, inter-
Mexico’s level of development affects
national linkages appear well developed,
its innovation system. Its assets include a
especially with the United States. There is a
young population and geographical prox-
high rate of foreign ownership of domestic
imity to the largest market in the OECD
inventions (61% in 2001-03) and of inter-
area. However, various structural weak-
national co-inventions (45% in 2002-04), as
nesses inhibit innovation, including gaps in
El gasto en ID es apenas 0.5% del PIB.
physical infrastructure, restrictive regula-
tions, and, most importantly, a low level of
evidenced by applications to the European
Patent Office. Technology exports also grew
strongly from 1996 to 2005, by over 10% a
Las instituciones privadas financian menos
human capital.
year on average. Uptake of technology is
Mexico’s R&D intensity is one of the also improving; the Internet domain .mx
del 50% de la ID, abajo del promedio de los
lowest in the OECD area; gross domestic had the highest average annual growth
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.5% of GDP. (67%) in Internet hosts in the OECD area
However, this ratio is not out of line with between 1998 and 2006.
países de la OECD
Mexico’s income level, and growth in (real)
GERD has been robust, averaging almost
The government’s innovation policy
provides one of the most favourable tax
10% a year from 1996 to 2005. Public insti- treatments for R&D in the OECD area, with
tutions and universities continue to play an one unit of R&D expenditure resulting in
important role in R&D; the business sector 0.37 units of tax relief. Government fund-
finances 47% of R&D and performs just ing for business R&D has also increased;
under 50%, below the OECD average. the share of business R&D financed by
The number of science and engineer- government more than doubled from 2.8%
ing graduates as a proportion of all new in 1995 to 5.7% in 2005.
degrees is above the OECD average, with a The key challenge at this stage is to
quarter of new university degrees in 2005. establish supportive underlying conditions
However, university graduates are a small for innovation, particularly with respect to
group, and the majority of the working-age education levels and the competitive
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
population leaves school before attaining and regulatory environment. Enhancing
58. 3. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION: COUNTRY NOTES
MEXICO
Over the past decade Mexico’s efforts graduates that enter the domestic labour
have focused on achieving macroeconomic market.
stability and stronger growth. However, its Mexico’s technological and scientific
reforms have not led to the productivity performance, as measured by patents and
growth necessary to catch up to other publications, is low, and knowledge-
OECD countries. Continued structural intensive market services, such as post
reforms will be needed to put the country and telecommunications, represent a very
on a firm basis to boost innovation, produc- small share of gross value added (less
tivity and growth. than 13% in 2004 compared to an OECD
average of 20%). More positively, inter-
Mexico’s level of development affects
national linkages appear well developed,
its innovation system. Its assets include a
especially with the United States. There is a
young population and geographical prox-
high rate of foreign ownership of domestic
imity to the largest market in the OECD
inventions (61% in 2001-03) and of inter-
area. However, various structural weak-
national co-inventions (45% in 2002-04), as
nesses inhibit innovation, including gaps in
evidenced by applications to the European
physical infrastructure, restrictive regula-
Patent Office. Technology exports also grew
tions, and, most importantly, a low level of
strongly from 1996 to 2005, by over 10% a
human capital.
year on average. Uptake of technology is
Mexico’s R&D intensity is one of the also improving; the Internet domain .mx
lowest in the OECD area; gross domestic had the highest average annual growth
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.5% of GDP. (67%) in Internet hosts in the OECD area
However, this ratio is not out of line with between 1998 and 2006.
Mexico’s income level, and growth in (real) The government’s innovation policy
GERD has been robust, averaging almost provides one of the most favourable tax
10% a year from 1996 to 2005. Public insti- treatments for R&D in the OECD area, with
tutions and universities continue to play an one unit of R&D expenditure resulting in
important role in R&D; the business sector 0.37 units of tax relief. Government fund-
finances 47% of R&D and performs just ing for business R&D has also increased;
under 50%, below the OECD average. the share of business R&D financed by
lunes 18 de enero de 2010 government more than doubled from 2.8%
59. 3. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION: COUNTRY NOTES
MEXICO
Over the past decade Mexico’s efforts graduates that enter the domestic labour
have focused on achieving macroeconomic market.
stability and stronger growth. However, its Mexico’s technological and scientific
reforms have not led to the productivity performance, as measured by patents and
growth necessary to catch up to other publications, is low, and knowledge-
OECD countries. Continued structural intensive market services, such as post
reforms will be needed to put the country and telecommunications, represent a very
El desempeño de la ciencia y de la tecnología
on a firm basis to boost innovation, produc-
tivity and growth.
small share of gross value added (less
than 13% in 2004 compared to an OECD
es bajo cuando se mide en patentes y
average of 20%). More positively, inter-
Mexico’s level of development affects
national linkages appear well developed,
its innovation system. Its assets include a
especially with the United States. There is a
young population and geographical prox-
publicaciones y el mercado del conocimiento
imity to the largest market in the OECD
area. However, various structural weak-
high rate of foreign ownership of domestic
inventions (61% in 2001-03) and of inter-
national co-inventions (45% in 2002-04), as
intensivo representa menos del 13%,
nesses inhibit innovation, including gaps in
evidenced by applications to the European
physical infrastructure, restrictive regula-
Patent Office. Technology exports also grew
tions, and, most importantly, a low level of
comparado con 20% en OECD (2004).
strongly from 1996 to 2005, by over 10% a
human capital.
year on average. Uptake of technology is
Mexico’s R&D intensity is one of the also improving; the Internet domain .mx
lowest in the OECD area; gross domestic had the highest average annual growth
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.5% of GDP. (67%) in Internet hosts in the OECD area
However, this ratio is not out of line with between 1998 and 2006.
Mexico’s income level, and growth in (real) The government’s innovation policy
GERD has been robust, averaging almost provides one of the most favourable tax
10% a year from 1996 to 2005. Public insti- treatments for R&D in the OECD area, with
tutions and universities continue to play an one unit of R&D expenditure resulting in
important role in R&D; the business sector 0.37 units of tax relief. Government fund-
finances 47% of R&D and performs just ing for business R&D has also increased;
under 50%, below the OECD average. the share of business R&D financed by
lunes 18 de enero de 2010 government more than doubled from 2.8%
60. 3. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION: COUNTRY NOTES
MEXICO
Over the past decade Mexico’s efforts graduates that enter the domestic labour
have focused on achieving macroeconomic market.
stability and stronger growth. However, its Mexico’s technological and scientific
reforms have not led to the productivity performance, as measured by patents and
growth necessary to catch up to other publications, is low, and knowledge-
OECD countries. Continued structural intensive market services, such as post
reforms will be needed to put the country and telecommunications, represent a very
La propiedad de extranjeros de invenciones
on a firm basis to boost innovation, produc-
tivity and growth.
small share of gross value added (less
than 13% in 2004 compared to an OECD
domésticas fue 61% entre 2001 y 2003 .
Mexico’s level of development affects
its innovation system. Its assets include a
average of 20%). More positively, inter-
national linkages appear well developed,
especially with the United States. There is a
young population and geographical prox-
high rate of foreign ownership of domestic
imity to the largest market in the OECD
inventions (61% in 2001-03) and of inter-
area. However, various structural weak-
national co-inventions (45% in 2002-04), as
nesses inhibit innovation, including gaps in
evidenced by applications to the European
physical infrastructure, restrictive regula-
Patent Office. Technology exports also grew
tions, and, most importantly, a low level of
strongly from 1996 to 2005, by over 10% a
human capital.
year on average. Uptake of technology is
Mexico’s R&D intensity is one of the also improving; the Internet domain .mx
lowest in the OECD area; gross domestic had the highest average annual growth
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.5% of GDP. (67%) in Internet hosts in the OECD area
However, this ratio is not out of line with between 1998 and 2006.
Mexico’s income level, and growth in (real) The government’s innovation policy
GERD has been robust, averaging almost provides one of the most favourable tax
10% a year from 1996 to 2005. Public insti- treatments for R&D in the OECD area, with
tutions and universities continue to play an one unit of R&D expenditure resulting in
important role in R&D; the business sector 0.37 units of tax relief. Government fund-
finances 47% of R&D and performs just ing for business R&D has also increased;
under 50%, below the OECD average. the share of business R&D financed by
lunes 18 de enero de 2010 government more than doubled from 2.8%
84. “Nadie quiere morir. Incluso las personas que desean ir
al cielo no quieren morir para llegar ahí. Pero la muerte
es el destino que todos compartimos. Nadie se escapa
de ello.Y es así como debería ser porque la Muerte es
muy probablemente la invención más sencilla de la Vida.
Es el agente de cambio de la vida. Limpia lo viejo para
abrir paso a lo nuevo”.
— Steve Jobs
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
150. Audiencia especializada
Menor edad Mayor edad
Audiencia poco especializada
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
151. Innovación
David Luna
Editor General
Revista
Grupo Editorial Expansión
A Time Inc Company
dluna@expansion.com.mx
lunes 18 de enero de 2010
152. Innovación
David Luna
Editor General
Revista MANU
FACTURA
Grupo Editorial Expansión
A Time Inc Company
dluna@expansion.com.mx
lunes 18 de enero de 2010