Unit One World History

1. 1300-1600
Renaissance and Reformation

2. What was the Renaissance?
 “Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning in
the 1300’s
 Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability,
decline of church power
 Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society
So what was it?
A. Spread of new political, social, artistic ideas
B. New social system developing in Europe (middle class)
C. Interest in “classics” from Greece and Rome
D. Explored human experience
E. Emphasis on individual ability
F. Growing secular (non-religious), worldly, viewpoint
 Renaissance Man- person capable of many
achievements (Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor,
architect, inventor, mathematician)

3. Renaissance begins in Italy
 Renaissance began in Italy
 Italy was made up of many small,
powerful city-states- Venice,
Florence, Milan
Why Italy?
A. Center of old Roman Empire, close
to classic civilizations
B. Catholic Church and wealthy
merchants were patrons
(supporters) of the arts
C. Center of trade with other regions
1. provided wealth,
2. exchange of ideas
3. urban trading cities
4. center of banking

4. Italian City- States
City- states grew wealthy because of
trade during Crusades
 City- states controlled by wealthy merchants,
families
 City- states competed to display wealth
 Families had political, economic control
 Medici family of Florence powerful
family during Renaissance
 Supporters of the arts (patrons)
 Powerful banking family, controlled the flow of
money across Europe
 Medici wealth and influence transformed
Florence

5. Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
Key intellectual movement- Humanism
A.Study of classical culture- Greece, Rome
B.Focus on worldly subjects, not religion
C. Focus on human potential
Education- stimulate creative powers, create great
citizens
Humanist schools model for education in Europe
until 20th
century.

6. Art and Architecture
I. Artists imitate nature,
importance of human,
individual
II. Realist painting, sculpture
III. Used perspective to create
realist art (looked 3D)
IV. Used new oil paints
V. Studied human figure
 Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Raphael- famous painters,
sculptors
 Architecture adopted
columns, arches, domes of
Greeks and Romans

7. Vernacular Literature
Vernacular- language of
own region (English, Spanish,
German, etc.)
Many writers wrote in their
own language
Before all scholarly work in
Latin
Famous Renaissance writers
 Dante- Divine Comedy
(Italian)
Chaucer- Canterbury Tales
(English)

8. Italian Writers
Literature developed to help ambitious
men and women achieve
Book of the Courtier- Castiglione
(1528)
Described ideal noble
1. Not made, but born
2. Needed skill as a warrior
3. Expected to have well rounded education, enrich
life with the arts
4. Certain standards of conduct
Niccolo Machiavelli- The Prince (1513)
Political guidebook
How to acquire and keep power
Ends justify the means

9. Renaissance in Northern Europe
 Economic, social recovery happened
during 1400’s
 Began Belgium (Flanders), northern
France, Netherlands, in urban areas
that were involved in the cloth trade
 Renaissance developed its own
character
Invention of printing press 1455
 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible using
moveable type printing press
A. Many copies of books could be printed
quickly
B. Books easier, cheaper to produce, more
people gained access to knowledge, ideas
C. Rise in Literacy across Europe
D. Published new discoveries
 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe

10. Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
 Artists studied under Italian masters, copied
technique
 Northern European rulers purchased paintings,
hired Italian artists and architects
 Many Northern European artists went to Italy
to study and copy techniques
 More interested in realism, details of everyday
life
 Pieter Brugel, Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck
well known Northern Renaissance artists
 Durer known for his engraving

11. Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel

12. Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
Humanist writers
 promoted education and classical learning bring religious, spiritual
reform
 Used reason to improve themselves
 Appealed to growing middle class in cities
 Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular) called
“Christian Humanism”
Erasmus- Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek
Doubts about organized church
Christianity should show people how to live good lives, not
provide system of beliefs
Praise of Folly criticized abuses of church

13. Northern Renaissance in England
Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of
England supported development of art
and literature
Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes
ideal society
William Shakespeare- English
playwright in the late 1500’s and early
1600’s
 Plays, poems express themes in everyday
universal settings
Renaissance ideals of individual human
flaws appear in plays
Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words
appear for first time in plays

14. Protestant Reformation

15. Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60)
Causes of the Reformation
A. Rise of wealth based economy
 Merchants resented paying taxes to the
Church, king jealous of Church wealth
B. Declining power of church
 Leaders had become corrupt
C. Kings becoming more powerful
and challenged Church authority
D. Questions about supremacy of
church raised by Christian
Humanists (Erasmus)
 Society was changing and people were
searching for answers

16. Church Abuses
Catholic Church caught up in secular affairs
To finance church they raised fees on marriage and
baptism
 Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for money

17. Early Revolts Against Church
Late 1300’s –John Wycliffe (English) attacked
Catholic Church, called for changes
 Said Bible supreme to pope
 Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution
 Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform
movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415
 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436
 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect

18. Martin Luther
 Martin Luther (German, Catholic
monk) protests against church led
to Reformation
 1517-Luther became upset a local
priest, Johann Tetzel, selling
indulgences in Wittenberg,
Germany
 Indulgences guaranteed person
and dead relatives place in heaven
 Outraged Luther, posted 95
Theses on Church in Wittenberg,
Germany (maybe)

19. 95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs
1. Luther believed that faith alone was needed for
salvation
Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed
for salvation
1. Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope
2. All people could have direct relationship with God
 Copies of 95 Theses printed and distributed across
Europe

20. Reaction to Luther
 Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church)
 Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to
take back what he said (Diet of Worms)
 Luther refused and declared an outlaw
 Luther supporters accepted his teachings
 May German princes renounced authority of pope

21. Luther’s Teachings
A. All people direct relationship with God
B. Bible needed to be translated into
vernacular
C. Banned indulgences
D. Simplified mass, emphasis on sermon
E. Permitted clergy to marry
 1530’s followers called Protestants,
Lutherans

23. Princes and Peasants
 German princes supported Luther:
1. Independence from Church, HRE
2. Excuse to seize Church property in territory
3. Keep money in territory
 Poor support Luther’s message:
1. Equality, social change
2. Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt)
3. Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authority
Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to decide
which religion to follow in their lands
Northern Germany- Protestant
Southern Germany- Catholic

24. Reformation Spreads

25. English Reformation
 1520’s religious leaders exploring
Protestant ideas
 English had called for reform in
Church
 Henry VIII wanted divorce from
wife, wanted male heir
 Pope would not annul (cancel)
marriage
 Henry and Chancellor Thomas
Cromwell had Parliament pass laws
to take control of Church

26. English Reformation
1534- Act of Supremacy made Henry head of
Church of England (Anglican Church)
Burned Catholics for heresy
1536-1540-Seized monastery lands and wealth
Gave land to nobles
Church not radical- kept many Catholic forms of
worship, used English Bible

27. English Reformation
1547 Henry dies
Son Edward VI becomes
king
Passes laws that
strengthen Protestant
Church
 Book of Common Prayer
required in all church
services

28. English Reformation
 Mary Tudor, Edwards sister,
queen after Edward dies
 Mary was Catholic, had many
Protestants killed for heresy
 1558 Elizabeth I becomes
queen, decided future of
Anglican Church
 Established compromise
between Catholic and
Protestant Church, ended
decades of religious turmoil
(Elizabethan Compromise)

30. The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66)
 Reformation caused many smaller groups to
break away from Catholic Church
 1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli
 Stressed importance of Bible, simplified
elaborate church ritual
 John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland
 Idea of predestination (God already decided
who went to heaven)
 Ideas known as Calvinism
 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland, known
as Presbyterians
 1541- Calvinists established theocracy in
Geneva
 Followers had strict rules
 Seen as model Christian community
 Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to
Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)

31. New Religious Groups
 Other sects had radical
ideas
 Anabaptists
1. rejected infant baptism
2. Communities shared
everything
3. religious tolerance
4. Separation of church and
state
5. Refused military service
 Persecuted by Catholic
and Protestant groups

32. Catholic Counter Reformation
New religious order Jesuits
founded by Ignatius of Loyola
A.Defended and spread Catholic
faith
B.Set up schools
C. Spread Catholicism to Africa,
Asia, Americas
By 1600 Protestant religions
had gained a foothold across
Europe, church abuses reduced

33. Catholic Counter Reformation
 Most Europeans remained Catholic
 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end corruption of
Catholic Church
 Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years)
 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible
 penalties for corruption among clergy
 educated clergy
 Indulgences were valid
 Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe

34. Legacies of the Reformation
1. Religious differences caused intolerance, divided
Europe
2. Different religions persecuted those that were
different
3. Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to
develop (Chapter 6)
4. Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
(Chapter 6)
5. Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe
1. Could not live in Spanish colonies
2. Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands

35. The Muslim
World Expands
1300-1700

36. Ottomans Build a Vast
Empire
Section One

37. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
 1300’s Turks began to expand out of
Anatolia in central Turkey
 Began to unify under a single leader,
Osman
 Turkish warriors called ghazis, warriors for
Islam and followed Islamic code, ruled by
a sultan
 Turks success was based on the use of
gunpowder
 Conquered people were treated fairly
 Ruled through local officials appointed
by sultan, non-Muslim locals did not have
to serve in the army but paid taxes
 1402- Ottoman expansion was halted
by warriors from central Asia under
Timur the Lame

38. The Ottomans Builds a Vast Empire
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
 After threat from Timur ended Ottoman sultan Mehmed I took power
 Son, Mehmed II defeated the Venetian, Italian and Hungarian
armies
 1453- Mehmed the Conqueror took the city Constantinople
 City was strategic point between the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean,
 allowed the empire to expand into Asia,
 united empire between Europe and Asia
 Opened city up to Muslims, Christians, Jews, renamed city Istanbul

39. Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
 1512- Selim the Grim came to
power
 Defeated Safavid Empire in
Persia and conquered Syria,
Palestine, North Africa
 Conquered Cairo the
intellectual center of the Islamic
world
 Conquered Mecca and Medina
the holiest cities of Islam

40. Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
 1520- Suleyman the Lawgiver
becomes sultan
 Under his rule empire reached its
greatest power
 Captured part of eastern Europe,
and islands in the Mediterranean ,
dominated the eastern
Mediterranean sea
 Used powerful navy to control North
African coastal cities and trade
routes to the interior of Africa
 1526- advanced into central Europe
and made Europeans panic
 Suleyman became the most
powerful monarch on the planet

42. Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
 Suleyman kept diverse empire together
 Simplified and systematized government and
law codes
 Slaves ran the government
 Devshirme system drafted boys from
conquered Christian territories, gave them
education, converted them to Islam and
trained them as soldiers
 Elites soliders known as janissaries
 Brightest rose to high positions in government
and military
 Ottomans let conquered territories keep their
religion and local practices to keep down
conflict

43. Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
 Suleyman promoted art, architecture
and poetry in his empire
 Creative period similar to European
Renaissance
 Painters and poets looked to classical
Persia and Arabia for inspiration
 Empire slowly declined over next 400
years
 Sultans had a tradition of killing ablest
sons so they would not take power
from them
 Did not educate other sons and this
led to a line of weak rulers
 Empire was officially broken up at
end of World War I (1917)

44. The Safavid Empire: A Case
for Cultural Blending
Section 2

45. Patterns of Cultural Blending
 Safavid Empire ruled Persia between 16th
and 18th
centuries
 Thrived by blending traditions of Persians,
Ottomans and Arabs

46. Patterns of Cultural Blending
 Culture includes language, religion, style
of government, racial and ethnic groups,
art and architecture
 Cultural blending caused when cultures
interact with each other
 Happens where trade routes meet,
continental crossroads, seaports
 Cultures exposed to technology, ideas,
foods and ways of life different than their
own
 New type of culture is developed

47. Patterns of Cultural blending
Causes
Migration
Pursuit of
religious
freedom
Trade
Conquest
Results
Changes in
religion
Language
Government
Technology
Military
tactics

48. The Safavids Build and Empire
 Safavids were an Islamic group
 Aligned with Shi’a branch of Islam
 Squeezed geographically between
Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire in
India
 To protect themselves they developed a
powerful army
 1501 12 year old military leader Isma’il
conquered most of what is now Iran and
gave himself the title shah
 Established Shi’a Islam as the official
religion, anybody that did not convert
was put to death
 1514 Ottomans defeated Safavids and set
the border between the two empires

49. The Safavid Golden Age
 Isma’il’s son Tahmsap adopted
the Ottoman idea of using artillery
with his military forces
 Expanded north across the
Caucus Mountains and brought
Christians under Safavid rule
 1587- Shah Abbas takes the
throne
 Created a “golden age” of
Safavid culture that took the best
from the Ottomans, Persian and
Arab worlds

50. Safavid Golden Age
 Shah Abbas reformed military and
civilian life
 Created army that was loyal only to
him
 Modeled on idea of janissaries of
Ottoman empire
 Recruited Christians and equipped the
armies with artillery
 Reformed government
 Punished corruption,
 Promoted loyal people
 Used foreigners to fill government
positions
 Invited Christians to move to empire
 Expanded industry, trade and art
exchanges between empire and
Europe

51. Safavid Golden Age
 New capital established at Esfahan
 City one of the most beautiful in
the world
 Many foreign artisans found in the
city
1. Chinese artists produced miniature
paintings, pottery, ironworks, tile
work that blended Asian and
Persian influences
2. Best known for carpets, became a
national industry and were prized
by Europeans
3. Shah Abbas sent artists to train in
Italy and their rug designs reflected
European influence

52. Dynasty Declines Quickly
Shah Abbas made same mistakes
Ottomans made
Killed and blinded most powerful
sons
Led to incompetent grandson
leading empire
1747 after Nadir Shah was killed by
his own troops the empire fell apart

53. Mughal Empire in India
Section 3

54. Early History of the Mughals
 700’s Muslim tribes form central
Asia carved northwestern
India into small kingdoms
 Descendants of Mongols
called themselves Mughals
 For over 300 years could only
advance as far as the Indus
River Valley
 Around 1000 they swept into
India and conquered the
Hindus and ruled from Delhi
 1398 Timur the Lame destroyed
Delhi

55. Akbar’s Golden Age
 1494 13 year old boy Babur, built up
an army and took control of India
 1556-1605 Grandson Akbar ruled
 Military power based on use of
gunpowder and artillery
 Akbar continued Muslim tradition of
tolerance of religion
 Abolished tax on Hindu pilgrims and
non-Muslims
 Natives and foreigners could rise to
high levels in government
 Established fair taxes based on
wealth
 Land policies kept officials from
gaining too much power

56. Akbar’s Golden Age
 Welcomed influence from many
different cultures
 Lower castes convert to Islam
because message of equality
 Merchants convert to take
advantage of trade networks and
connections
 Blended art, education and politics
 Official language was Persian, most
Indians spoke Hindi
 New language developed called
Urdu (means from the soldiers
camp)
 Highly detailed paintings called
miniatures illustrated books
 Massive temples that portrayed
Hindu themes were built under his
reign

57. Akbar’s Successors
 1605 Akbar dies, son
Jahangir becomes emperor
 Nur Jahan his wife runs the
empire for him
 Their son Khusrau rebels and
uses the Sikhs to shelter and
defend him
 Sikhs were a nonviolent
religious group with elements
of Hinduism and Islam
 Because of this the Sikhs
became a target for Mughal
hatred

58. Akbar’s Successors
 Shah Jahan, Jahangir’s son took power and
assassinated all of his rivals
 Passion for two things: his wife and beautiful buildings
 Wife Mumtaz Mahal died giving birth and he built
shrine to his wife Taj Mahal
 While he was building the country suffered
 He raised taxes higher and higher to pay for
construction of monuments

59. Akbar’s Successors
 1657- Shah Jahan grew older and became ill his sons
began a civil war to see who would take power
 Third son Aurangzeb won and had his father put in prison
 Aurangzeb built the Mughal empire to its greatest size
 Power weakened during his reign because he was he a
cruel ruler
 Enforced Islamic laws and did not tolerate Hindu worship
 Destroyed all pre-Mughal Hindu shrines, taxed Hindus and
removed them from government

60. Empire’s Decline and Decay
 Hindu’s rebelled against policies of
Aurangzeb
 Raised taxes to keep fighting wars, this led
to more rebellion
 Drained empire of resources, famine killed
2 million, subjects felt little loyalty
 Power of local lords grew and empire was
split up
 European traders came into region and
gained foothold

61. 1400-1800
Chapter 3

62. Section 1

64. • Beginning in 1400’s, desire to explore called 3
G’s (Gold, God, Glory)
A.Othercountries wanted trade controlled by
Italy and Arabs forthree centuries
• Spices most valued item
• Quicker route to Asia meant they could take
out middleman (Arabs, Italians)
B. New technology – compass, faster ships,
astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made
traveling by ship easier, safer
• Most new technology came from Muslims and
Chinese
C. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity and sense
of adventure
D. Desire to spread Christianity
• Europeans saw this as their sacred duty to
convert others

65. Portugal Leads the Way
A.Leader in developing and applying new sailing technology
B.Had strong government support led by Prince Henry (Henrythe
Navigator)
C.1419 Henry established a sailing school for sailors, ship
makers, navigators to perfect their trade
•By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading
outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian Ocean
•Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory

66. • Portuguese needed to reach Asia
by sea and had to sail around the
southern tip of Africa
• 1488 BartolomeuDias reached
the Cape of Good Hope and
explored the southeast coast of
Africa
• 1497 Vasco daGamasailed to
Calicut, India and returned to
Portugal with silk, spices and
gems that was worth 60 times
more than the cost of the voyage
• His voyage gave Portugal a
direct sea route to Asia

67. • Spain Also Makes Claims
• 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a route to
Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic
• Columbus thought he reached the Indies, really opened
the way for European colonization of the Americas
• Immediate impact was that it increased tension between
Spain and Portugal

68. • 1494- Treatyof Tordesillas
Pope stepped in to keep
peace between two
countries
• Line drawn from North to
south across globe
dividing eastern and
western hemispheres
• Portugal gets everything
e ast of Line of
Demarcation
• Spain given all lands we st
of Line of Demarcation

69. • Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
• Portugal took control of the spice trade from Muslim
merchants after da Gama’s voyage
1.1509 extended control over region by defeating Mughal
navy off the coast of India
2.1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India; it
became center of their trading empire
3.1511 Portuguese seize control of Strait of Malacca, gave
them control of the spice Islands
• Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of
Eastern trade
• Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged by
Arab and Italian traders
• More Europeans could afford items

70. • Success of Portugal attracted other European
countries
• 1521 Spain claimed Philippine Islands
Dutch Traders
• Around 1600 the Dutch and English became a
sea powers
• English and Dutch began to take away
Portuguese power
• Each country formed an East India Company
• Each company had power to print money, make
treaties and raise armies
• Dutch East India Company most powerful in
region
• 1619 Dutch establish trading post in Java and
took Straits of Malacca and Spice Islands from
Portugal
• Dutch began to expand across the region and
their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a
leading commercial center
• By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian
Ocean

72. British and French Traders
•By 1700 English and French began to gain a foothold in
region
•English focused on India and developed a successful
business in the cloth trade (established British East India
Company)
•France tried to establish a foothold in India but was not as
successful
•European countries tookcontrol of port cities but their
influence did not extend beyond the ports
•Theirinfluence was not felt by most people in Asia

73. Section 2

74.  China was the dominant power in Asia and
Europeans wanted to trade with them
Ming Dynasty
 1368-1644 MingDynastyruled China
 Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute (payment
by one group to another to show submission) to
Ming emperors, China expected Europeans to do
the same
 Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he
defeated the Mongols in 1368
A.Reformed agriculture by increasing rice
production, encouraged growing cash crops
(cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming
B.Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and
moral standards
C.Improved government by returning to a merit
based government system
 When problems developed Hongwu became a
ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies

75. • After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo
took over
• He moved royal court to Beijing (built the
Forbidden City)
• Also had a curiosity of the outside world
• 1405 began seven voyages of
exploration and trade under commander
Zeng He
• Expeditions traveled long distances,
many ships, many people and huge
ships
• Trips were used to show Chinese
superiority, because of voyages 16
countries sent tribute to China
• Chinese officials complained that
voyages wasted money and after 1433
China began a period of isolation

77. • Trade policies of 1500’s reflected isolation
• To keep influence of outsiders to a minimum
• Only the government could conduct trade
through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo
• European demand for goods led to smuggling
• Helped improve economy of China- led to
increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk
making
• Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower
class jobs and not held in high regard in
China, kept China from industrializing
• Government supported agriculture
• Taxes were low on agriculture and high on
manufacturing

78. Qing Dynasty
• By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption, civil
strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion
• 1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled until
1900
• People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus
1. Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and restoring
Chinese prosperity
2. Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet
3. Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses
4. Welcomed Jesuits into royal court to learn about European life
5. Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade

79. • Foreign countries that wished to trade
with China had to trade only in special
ports and pay tribute
• The Dutch accepted the Chinese
restrictions and the Chinese accepted
the Dutch as trading partners
• The Dutch brought silks, porcelain,
and tea
• By 1800 tea made up 80% of
shipments from China to Europe
• The British refused to follow the
Chinese trade restrictions
• China rejected their offers by sending
a letter to the king of England that they
did not need the British

80. • 1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and
prosperity in China and the lives improved
for most Chinese people
Most Chinese were farmers and under the
Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer
increased
Also new crops from the were introduced
by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)
Food production increased and the
population exploded
• Chinese families favored sons over
daughters
• Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and
raised their own families in their parents
homes
• As their parents grew older they help them
farm
• Females were not as valued but they did
have the responsibilities of children’s
education and managing family finances

81. Section 3

82. • 1300’s Japanese unity was shattered by
warring shoguns
• By 1467 the country was separated into
hundreds of separate domains
• 1467-1568 known as period of “warring
states”
• Samurai took control of feudal states and
offered peasants protection for their
loyalty
• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and
used samurai as warriors
• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead
with no power
• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought
each other for control of land

83. • Many daimyo tried to seize and control
power
• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use soldiers
with muskets to defeat rival samurai (1575)
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried
to conquer Korea, when he died the troops
returned to Japan (1590)
• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of
country by defeating his rivals and earning
the loyalty of other daimyo
• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)
• Kept daimyo tamed and helped centralize
power in Japan
• To keep daimyo in check he made them
live in the capital every other year and
when they were gone they had to leave
their families behind as hostages, had
them help build his castle in Edo
• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held
power until 1867

84. • Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under
Tokugawa shoguns
• Farmers produced more food and population rose,
even though they lived lives of misery
Society was very structured
a. Ruler was shogun and supreme military commander
b. Below him was the landholding daimyo who controlled
samurai warriors
c. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants at
the bottom
• 4/5of societywerepeasants
• Merchants became more important as the economy
expanded
• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal citizen
depended on agriculture not commerce
• However the farmers paid the most in taxes, many
abandoned land and moved to cities for economic
opportunity
• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban
society
• Edo was the largest city in the world

85. • Contact Between Europe and Japan
• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s
• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked
Portuguese sailors and merchants soon
followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms
• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries
1. Europeans introduced new technologies and
ideas
2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their
markets welcomed Europeans
3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to
gain an advantage over their rivals
• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese
warrior whose principal weapon was the sword
• Cannons changed the way castles were built
• Fortified castles attracted merchants and
artisans and caused the growth of towns
across Japan

86. • 1549 first missionaries came to Japan
• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican
missionaries came to convert the Japanese
• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000 Japanese
• Missionaries teachings went against traditional
Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was
banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding
the country of them
• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by
Christians
• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China
and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to
some branch of Buddhism

87. • Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas
• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but they wanted
European trade
• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port, Nagasaki
(a man made island in the harbor)
• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there
• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200 years
• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and
Japanese were forbidden to leave
• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free from
European intervention

88. Dejima

89. THE ATLANTIC WORLD
Chapter 4

90. Section 1
Spain Builds and American
Empire

91. Spain Builds and American
Empire
 1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America
and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa
 Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found
colonies (lands controlled by another nation)
 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal
 By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new
continent
 1519 FerdinandMagellansailed around the southern end of South America and across the
Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain)
 In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first voyage to
circumnavigate the globe

92. Spain Builds an American
Empire
 Spanish were first European
explorers and settlers of the
Americas
 Made Spain a very wealthy country
and their culture influenced the
cultures of North and South America
that exists today
 Spanish explorers known as
conquistadors came to the Americas
to follow rumors of gold and silver,
they stayed and carved out colonies
in regions that would become
Mexico, South America and the

93. Spain Builds an American
Empire
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
 1519 Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed in
Mexico
 They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its
capital Tenochtitlan
 Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by
the Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought the
Spaniards were gods
 Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes
and drove the Spaniards out of the capital
 1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the
Aztecs even though they were greatly
outnumbered
 Reasons forSpanish victory
a) Made allies with groups that did not like Aztecs
b) Spanish had superior weapons
c) Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that
the Native Americans had no natural immunity

94. Effects of Old World Disease
 Native Americans had no
natural resistance to diseases
that were common in Europe
Asia and Africa
 Killed up to 90% of Native
American population across
North and South America within
the first 100 years of European
contact
 Made it easier for Europeans to
conquer the Americas because
Native American did not have
the numbers to resist
 Caused fear and confusion
among native groups
 When many European
explorers reached new areas
they found empty villages and

95. Spain Builds an American
Empire
Spanish Conquest in Peru
 1532- Francisco Pizarro takes
army of 200 into the heart of
the huge Incan empire in South
America
 They kidnap their ruler
Atahualpaand demand a
ransom of gold (even though
the Inca had an army of
30,000), after they received
their gold they strangled the
Inca king
 This demoralized the Inca
people and the Spaniards
quickly seized control of their
empire

96. Spain Builds an American
Empire
 By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had
created a huge American empire
 Drew from techniques learned during the
reconquista(when the Spanish drove the
Muslims from Spain)
 Spanish imposed their culture on the people
they conquered in the Americas
 Most Spanish settlers were men so they
had relationships with native women
 Result of relationships was the creation of a
mestizo(mixed Spanish and American)
population
 Spanish also forced native population to
work for them
 System called encomendiawhere the
Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their
Spanish landlords, often they were abused
or mistreated

97. Portuguese Empire in America
 One area that remained outside of
European influence was Brazil
 Region was given to Portugal because of
Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil
in 1500
 Colonists settled coastal areas and built
huge sugar plantations
 The demand for sugar was great in
Europe and made huge profits for
Portugal

98. Spain Builds an American
Empire
 Spain’s American colonies made it the richest
and most powerful nation in the world during
the 1500’s
 Spain built a powerful navy and army to control
and protect their empire
 By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into
what is now the US
 1540-1541 Francisco Coronado explored the
Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not
find any
 Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to
convert natives
 Priests used to explore and colonize North
America
 Catholic priests set up missions across the
Southwest and California where towns grew up
around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San

99. Spain Builds an American
Empire
Opposition to Spanish Rule
 Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of
Native Americans
 Criticized harsh treatment of native Americans
under the encomendia system
 1542 Spanish government ended encomendia
system and began to use African slaves for
labor
 Native Americans began to resist Spanish
colonizers as well
 Spanish burned sacred Native American
objects, banned Indian religious practices and
built Catholic churches on top of Indian
religious centers
 1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a
rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed
them back into New Spain


100. Section 2
Europeans Settle North
America

101. Europeans Settle North
America
 Other European nations
wanted to obtain valuable
colonies in the Americas
 By the early 1500’s England,
the Dutch and French began
to obtain colonies in North
America
 Wanted to find a more direct
route to Asia through fabled
“Northwest Passage”
 Countries did not find route
but stayed and established

102. Europeans Settle North
America
New France
French explorers discover what is
today New York harbor, St.
Lawrence River
1608- SamueldeChamplaintook
colonists and established Quebec
the base of France’s New World
empire, known as New France
1673 French explorers Marquette
(priest) and Joliet (fur trade and
trapper) explored the Great Lakes
and the Mississippi River
1683 LaSalleanother Frenchman
claimed the entire Mississippi
River valley for France

103. Europeans Settle North
America
 By the early 1700’s New France covered much
of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern
Canada
 Empire was immense but sparsely populated
 Catholic priests came to convert Native
Americans
 The main economic activity was the fur trade not
settlement and occupying territory

104. Europeans Settle North
America
English Arrive in North America
1607 first permanent English
settlement in Jamestown,
Virginia
They came looking for gold
Life was hard 6 out of 10
colonists died of disease,
hunger or Indian attack in the
first few years
Outlook improved greatly after
the “discovery” of tobacco as a
cash crop

105. Europeans Settle North
America
 1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a second
English colony in Plymouth, Mass.
 1630’s Puritans a second English group
settled in Mass.
 Both groups came for the religious freedom
the colonies would provide
 Both colonies grew rapidly because of the
number of families that came to the colonies,
unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly
single, male population

106. Europeans Settle North
America
The Dutch found New Netherland
Dutch founded colonies in region
along the Hudson River and
Manhattan Island (now known as New
York)
Built trading posts and formed the
Dutch West India Company
Colony in North America known as
New Netherland
Opened to a variety of settlers
Germans, French, Scandinavians
Colonizing the Caribbean
On the islands of the Caribbean
European countries built huge sugar
and cotton plantations
Used African slaves for labor on
plantations

107. Europeans Settle North
America
The Struggle forNorth America
French, English and Dutch wanted to expand their
colonies in North America and they battled each other
for colonial supremacy
New Netherland separated England's colonies in
North America
1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New
York
England battles France
English wanted to push further west into continent and
they were blocked by the French
1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley
region led to a war between the two countries
Known in North America as the FrenchandIndianWar
It was part of a larger conflict called the SevenYear’s
Warthat involved fighting in Europe, North America,
the West Indies and India
1763 the British defeat the French and the French
gave up their holdings in North America
Britain became the supreme power in North America

108. Europeans Settle North
America
 European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans
 FrenchandDutchhad a cooperative relationship with Native
Americans
 Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like
guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads
 English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native
Americans over issues of land and religion
 Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build towns and
grow crops
 Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a threat
to their “godly” society

109. Europeans Settle North
America
 Native American and English hostility grew
 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan tribe
fought
 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was
known as KingPhilipp's War
 Chief Metacom(King Philipp) tried to unite Native
Americans against English settlers
 After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and put
an end to Native American resistance in the English
colonies
 More destructive than European guns was disease
that devastated the population
 One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage

110. Section 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade

111. The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
 Slavery had existed in Africa for
centuries
 Muslim societies took prisoners of war
and made them slaves
 In Muslim culture slaves had legal rights
and could move up in society
 Europeans needed a cheap labor source
to replace Native Americans in their New
World colonies, they turned to African
slaves
1. Many had been exposed to Old World
diseases and had developed an
immunity
2. Africans had experience in farming

112. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Atlantic Slave Trade developed over the next three
centuries , turned into a massive enterprise
 Over that time 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the
Americas
 Spanish imported Africans to their plantations and gold and
silver mines
 Portuguese imported over 40% of the slaves to the Americas
 Used on their Brazilian sugar plantations

113. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 As Europeans established colonies their
demand for cheap labor grew
 From the late 1600’s to 1807 the English
were the largest carriers of slaves to the
New World
 400,000 slaves were brought to Britain's
North American colonies
 African rulers cooperated with European
slave traders
 European traders waited in ports on the
coast of Africa and waited for Africans to
bring enslaved peoples to them
 They were exchanged for gold, silver,
guns and other manufactured goods
 Some African rulers were opposed to
this slave trade

114. The Atlantic Slave Trade
TriangularTrade Network
Africans slaves were part of a
trade network that:
A.Europeans transported
manufactured goods to the
African coast
B.Africans were transported
across the Atlantic to the
Caribbean Islands, South
America or the English colonies
C.Merchants purchased goods
(sugar, rice, tobacco, rum,
coffee)for slaves and took them
back to Europe to be sold

115. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Voyage that brought
slaves to the New
World called the
“middle passage”
 Cruelty, sickness and
death characterized
journey
 Slave traders packed
Africans into ships
 Almost 20% died on the
trip across the ocean

116. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery in the Americas
Slaves auctioned off to the
highest bidder
Worked long days and
sometimes suffered brutal
treatment
Developed a way of life
based on cultural heritage,
kept alive music, stories and
religion of ancestors
Slaves found ways to resist,
did not work as hard or ran
away or revolted

117. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Had a profound impact on Americas and Africa
Africa
1. Many African culture lost generations of their fittest members
(young and able) to the slave trade
2. Families were torn apart
3. The slave trade introduced guns to the continent of Africa
The Americas/New World
1. Slave contributed to the growth of the Americas through their
labor and their expertise in agriculture
2. They brought their culture (music, art, food, religion) and it
became mixed with the cultures of the New World
3. Many nations today have mixed race populations and
significant African- American populations

118. Section4
The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade

119. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
 Colonization of the Americas caused voluntary and involuntary
migration of people and the introduction of goods from each
continent
 Exchange resulted in new business and trade practices in Europe
 Columbian Exchange- g lo baltransfe r o f fo o ds, plants and anim als
during the co lo niz atio n o f the Am e ricas
 Ships brought back items to Europe never seen before, many
became food sources for the Europeans
 Two most important were potatoes and corn
 Both were inexpensive to grow and supplied nutrition
 Both played a significant role in boosting the world’s population
 Europeans introduced: live sto ck anim als to the Americas (cows,
sheep, pigs, horses), fo o ds fro m Africa were introduced (bananas,
peas, yams), g rains fro m Euro pe (wheat, rice)
 Dise ase was part of the Columbian exchange

121. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
Global Trade
New wealth and overseas trade led to new business
practices
Growth of capitalism(an economic system based on
private ownership and owned to make a profit)
 No longer were governments the sole owners of great
wealth
 Many merchants gained wealth and used money to
invest in other enterprises and businesses flourished
 Increase in gold and silver from New World led to an
increase in the money supply and things began to cost
more for average Europeans

122. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
 Another type of business venture was the joint stock
company
 Investors purchased shares of stock in a company to
combine wealth for a common purpose
 During 1500 and 1600’s common purpose was to colonize
the Americas
 Took large amounts of money to establish and build colonies
 Colonies were risky investments and if many people invested
they only risked a small loss
 A joint stock company was responsible for establishing
Jamestown

123. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
The Growth of Mercantilism
Mercantilismwas a new economic policy adopted by
European countries at this time
Countries power depended on its wealth, allowed
countries to purchase goods and develop strong navies
for trade
Goal was to attain as much wealth as possible
Nation could increase its wealth in two ways:
 Obtain as much gold and silver as possible
 Establish a favorable balance of trade by selling more that
they purchased
Ultimate goal was to not depend on other countries for
goods so they had to establish colonies to provide what
they did not have
Colonies also provided a market for good to be sold

124. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
Economic Revolution Changes European
Society
1. Spurred the growth of towns
2. Led to the rise of a merchant class who
controlled great wealth
3. Led to the creation of national identities and
helped expand the power of European
monarchs
4. Majority of Europeans remained poor