The document discusses the past, present and future of New Zealand's electricity system. It provides an overview of the country's electricity infrastructure and generation sources. It also outlines the reforms of the 1990s that introduced competition into the system and separated generation, transmission and retail. Finally, it discusses future options and barriers to increasing renewable generation and implementing demand side management.

1. The New Zealand electricity system: past, present, and future Victoria University of Wellington 25th May 2010 Doug Clover Victoria University of Wellington

3. Doug Clover Otahuhu/Southdown (Thermal) Huntly (Thermal) New Plymouth / TCC (Thermal) Waikato system (Hydro and Geothermal) Waitaki system (Hydro) Clutha system (Hydro) Manpouri (Hydro) Adapted from Transpower 2006 25/5/10 The New Zealand grid

4. Key statistics 2008 Doug Clover 25/5/10 Hydro Thermal Geothermal Wind Other (wood, biogas, cogen) Total Oil Gas Coal Installed capacity (MW) 5375 155 1805 1008 585 321 127 9376 Electricity Generated GWh 22091 123 7997 3943 3913 1,047 2,989 42,246 Thermal Total (GWh) 12063 Percentage (GWh) 52% 28% 9% 2.5% 7

5. Structure of the electricity sector Ministry of Energy Doug Clover 25/5/10 Pre the 1990 reforms NZED Power-boards and MEDs Residential and Commercial customers Direct supply customers

6. Electricity system 25/5/10 Doug Clover Post 1990 reforms Generators Mighty River Power 16% Genesis Power 22% Meridian Energy 27% Contact Energy 24% TrustPower 5% Other Independents and On-site Generators 6% Transpower Sys op Line Companies Direct supply customers New Zealand Steel, Pulp and Paper, Rio Tinto Aluminium, Fonterra Co-operative Group, Methanex, Ontrack etc. Clearing Manager (M-Co) Electricity Retailers Commercial and residential consumers Commerce Commission Electricity Commission Adapted from : MED 2009

9. Impact of the market on electricity prices Doug Clover 25/5/10 Source: Melhuish 2009 Source: Tipping 2007 Wholesale price Retail prices

10. Trends in electricity generation Doug Clover 25/5/10 Source: Bertram and Clover 2009

11. Greenhouse gas emissions 25/5/10 Doug Clover Source: MED 2009 and MfE 2009

12. Maui gas 25/5/10 Doug Clover Source: Bertram and Clover 2009

13. Moving towards 90% The supply side 25/5/10 Doug Clover Source: Bertram and Clover 2009 Renewable resources

14. Renewables supply curve 25/5/10 Doug Clover Source: Bertram and Clover 2009

15. Future demand 25/5/10 Doug Clover Source: Bertram and Clover 2009

18. Demand side Future demand revisited Doug Clover Source: Bertram and Clover 2009 25/5/10