This document provides a summary of a presentation titled "Ride the Light: A guide to the internet, telephony and computer technology in the 21st century." The presentation covers topics such as core computing values, telephony, internet technology, IP addressing, internet security and abuse. It includes details on technologies like dial-up, DSL, T1 lines, routing registries, RFCs, subnetting, internet threats and solutions, and recommended websites for further information.

1. Ride the Light
A guide to the internet, telephony and computer
technology in the 21st century.
Presentation for MIS-110
November 1, 2005
Presenter: Michelle Davies

2. Agenda
 Introduction
 Core Computing Values
 Telephony
 Internet Technology
 IP Addressing
 Internet Security/Abuse
 Conclusion

4. Working Model OSI
(Troubleshooting from the Ground Up)

5. Base 0s & 1s
Base Number System
2 Binary
 The word “base” in math is 3 Ternary
used to refer to a particular 4 Quaternary
mathematical object that is 5 Quinary
used as a building block. The 6 Senary
most common uses are the
7 Septenary
related concepts of the number
8 Octal
system….
9 Nonary
0-9 followed by A-F 10 Decimal
11 Undenary
12 Duodecimal
16 Hexadecimal
20 Vigesimal
0-9 60 Sexagesimal

7. Call Routing

8. Phone Systems
 Nortel Centrex
-maintained by telco, more reliable, more expensive, no
CPE purchase
 Norstar KSU (Key Systems Unit)
-customer maintained, cheaper than centrex, has
limitations, CPE purchase is expensive
 PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
-also known as a small dms100 switch, performs
complex call routing – Best Area Call Selection,
Cheapest Rate Selection

9. Telco Terminology
 POTS – Plain Old Telephone Service
 FX – Foreign Exchange (Hard & Soft)
 DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
 Telco – Telephone Company
 CPE – Customer Premise Equipment
 PBX – Private Branch Exchange
 KSU – Key Systems Unit
 OOS – Out of Standard / Out of Service
 NID – Network Interface Device, point of demarc.

11. Dial-up

12. Dial-up Info
 4 Standards – k56flex, x2, v.90, v.92
 Getting connected at 56Kbps is not impossible but usually unlikely. When
56k technology first came out, the signal strength required for a 56000 bps
connection exceeded FCC regulations, so 53,333 bps was the absolute
maximum. 54,666 bps and 56,000 bps connections are possible, but usually
very unstable due to fluctuations in the local loop quality. Typically V.90
connections are in the 40s and are very sensitive to noise in shoddy phone
lines or passing through several connections, like running the phone through
a fax machine, an answering machine, a splitter, or even a surge protector.
The best setup is to use a quality V.90 modem with updated firmware and/or
drivers connected directly to the wall jack with one short phone cord no
more than 10 feet in length. Then add devices (like the surge protector) until
you find the culprit. If this set up still does not allow a V.90 connection, it
likely has to do with the quality of the phone lines/local loop and needs to be
taken up with the telephone company.
Source: modemhelp.net

13. DSL

14. DSL Info
 Several types of DSL exist, ADSL, SDSL, XDSL
(to name a few)
 DSL vs. Cable, why DSL is better.
-Advantages & Disadvantage
 Loop Lengths
 Splitter is placed on phone line to divide
between voice frequency (lower frequencies)
and data (higher frequencies)

15. T1 Technology

16. T1 Information
 24 Channels each at 64k. Max speed = 1.544
Mbps
 Sometimes sold as burstable or as fractional
 Customer’s network is connected to t1 via a
router and CSU/DSU, then there is a PTP circuit
between customer and ISP, the circuit is
terminated at the Telco CO via a CSU/DSU and
a router

18. ARIN
There are several routing registries around the world…
 ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) – Covers the U.S. and Canada
 AfriNIC - Responsible for providing vital resource allocation and registration services for the continent of Africa on
behalf of the Internet community.
 LACNIC - Latin American and Caribbean IP Address Regional Registry. It is responsible for providing vital resource
allocation and registration services to the Latin American and Caribbean region.
 RIPE NCC - performs activities primarily for the benefit of the membership in Europe, the Middle East, and parts of
Asia; mainly activities that its members need to organize as a group, even though they may compete in other areas.
 APNIC - serves the entire Asia Pacific region, comprising sixty-two economies in Asia and Oceania.
 Each “NIC” performs critical functions…
 Registration Services pertain to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. They
include:
 IP address space allocation, transfer, and record maintenance
 ASN allocation, transfer, and record maintenance
 Directories
 Registration transaction information (WHOIS)
 DNS (Reverse)
 Every allocation provided to isp’s and end users greater than a /29 must be justified to ARIN by submitting the required
information to ARIN.
 Without tight controls on address space, we would soon run out as the address pool is finite.

19. RFCs
 Located at http://www.rfc-editor.org
 RFCs are the protocol standards for the
internet, networking, routing, etc
 RFCs related to IP Addressing: 1918, 791
 IPv6 vs. IPv4

20. Subnetting – Class C
Total # of Total # of Useable
CIDR Addresses Addresses Subnet Mask
/24 256 254 255.255.255.0
/25 128 126 255.255.255.128
/26 64 62 255.255.255.192
/27 32 30 255.255.255.224
/28 16 14 255.255.255.240
/29 8 6 255.255.255.248
/30 4 2 255.255.255.252

21. Subnetting – Class B
bits Subnet Mask CIDR # Subnets # Hosts Nets * Hosts
2 255.255.192.0 /18 2 16382 32764
3 255.255.224.0 /19 6 8190 49140
4 255.255.240.0 /20 14 4094 57316
5 255.255.248.0 /21 30 2046 61380
6 255.255.252.0 /22 62 1022 63364
7 255.255.254.0 /23 126 510 64260
8 255.255.255.0 /24 254 254 64516

22. Subnetting – Class A
bits Subnet Mask CIDR # Subnets # Hosts Nets * Hosts
2 255.192.0.0 /10 2 4194302 8388604
3 255.224.0.0 /11 6 2097150 12582900
4 255.240.0.0 /12 14 1048574 14680036
5 255.248.0.0 /13 30 524286 15728580
6 255.252.0.0 /14 62 262142 16252804
7 255.254.0.0 /15 126 131070 16514820
8 255.255.0.0 /16 254 65534 16645636

24. Today’s Latest Internet Threats
 Threats  Solutions
 Spam  Spam Filtering at ISP
 Viruses level or 3rd Party Software
 Trojans  Anti Spyware Programs
 Phishing  Pop Up Stoppers
 Spyware  Anti Virus Programs
 DDOS Attacks  Basic Computer Literacy
 Pop Ups

25. Security Threats (detail)
 Spam -- In general, spyware is any technology, such as tracking software, that aids in gathering
information about a person or organization without their knowledge.
 Viruses -- A program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and
runs against your wishes.
 Trojans -- A destructive program that masquerades as a benign application. Unlike viruses,
Trojan horses do not replicate themselves but they can be just as destructive.
 Phishing – (fish´ing) (n.) The act of sending an e-mail to a user falsely claiming to be an established
legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used
for identity theft.
 Spyware -- Any software that covertly gathers user information through the user's Internet connection
without his or her knowledge, usually for advertising purposes.
 DDOS Attacks -- Short for Distributed Denial of Service, it is an attack where multiple compromised
systems (which are usually infected with a Trojan) are used to target a single system causing a
Denial of Service (DoS) attack.
 Pop Ups -- A type of window that appears on top of (over) the browser window of a Web site that a user
has visited. In contrast to a pop-under ad, which appears behind (in back of) the browser window, a
pop-up is more obtrusive as it covers other windows, particularly the window that the user is trying to
read. Pop-ups ads are used extensively in advertising on the Web, though advertising is not the only
application for pop-up windows.

27. Websites of Interest
Tech Websites
Name Address
DSL Reports http://www.dslreports.com
Church of the
Swimming Elephant http://www.cotse.com
Modem Help http://www.modemhelp.org
Modem Help http://www.modemhelp.net
Slashdot http://www.slashdot.org
Tech TV http://www.g4tv.com
http://
IP Subnet Calculator www.sonicusers.com/tools/ipcalcul
Symantec Security
Response http://www.sarc.com/

28. Websites of Interest (cont).
US CERT (Computer Emergency
Awareness Team) http://www.us-cert.gov/
Wayback Machine http://www.waybackmachine.org
RFC Editor http://www.rfc-editor.org
http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.
Internet Traffic Report htm
Traceroute.org http://www.traceroute.org
Open RBL http://openrbl.org
Mail Relay Testing http://www.abuse.net/relay.html
MAPS http://www.mail-abuse.com/

29. More Websites of Interest
ARIN http://arin.net/
CNET http://www.cnet.com
Google News http://news.google.com
Bullguard http://www.bullguard.com/news/
Apple http://www.apple.com
Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com
Microsoft Support http://support.microsoft.com
Webopedia http://www.webopedia.com
Home Network Help http://www.homenethelp.com
Practically Networked http://www.practicallynetworked.com
How Stuff Works http://www.howstuffworks.com
AVG Anti Virus http://www.grisoft.com/
Ad Aware http://www.lavasoftusa.com/software/adaware/
Spybot Search & Destroy http://www.safer-networking.org/en/download/
Google Pop-up Stopper http://toolbar.google.com
Urban Legends http://www.scambusters.org/legends.html