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Lab 6 trichomoniniasis
1. University of Sulaimani School of Science Department of Biology Practical Parasitology 2 nd stage Lab 6 : Trichomoniasis Urogenital Flagellates: Trichomonas vaginalis
11. (A) T. vaginalis parasite in broth culture. (B) T. vaginalis on the surface of a vaginal epithelial cell prior to ameboid transformation. (C) Ameboid morphology of T. vaginalis as seen in cell culture.
12. Trichomonas vaginalis G.D .: Cosmopolitan. Habitat : inhabits in the vagina of women, urethra in both sex, and prostate of men. Disease : Trichomoniasis or (Vaginitis or cervicitis or Urethritis or prostatitis)
13. Trichomonas vaginalis Definitive host: Human Transmission: *Direct contact during sexual intercourse *Rarely infants have been infected at birth.
17. Diagnosis Finding trophozoites In women: vaginal discharge In the male: urethral discharge , centrifuged urine. Methods: wet-mount or culture
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19. References 8. Schirm J, et al. (2007). "Trichomonas vaginalis detection using real-time TaqMan PCR". J of microbiol methods. 68 (2): 243–7. 9. Stark JR, et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(20):1406-11. 10. Hesseltine, H. 1942. Experimental human vaginal trichomoniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 71:127. 11. Petrin D, et al. (1998). Clinical and microbiological aspect of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clinical Microb. (11): 300 – 317. 12. Kurth A., et al. (2004). Performance of a new, rapid assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (7), 2940-2943. 13. Nagesha CN, Rama NK. (1998). Clinical and microbiological aspects of vaginitis. Indian J Med Sci. 52(11):526-32. 14. Soper, D (2004). "Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?". Am J Obstet and Gynecol. 190 (1): 281–90. 14. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/strous_mary/basic_info.htm 15. http://www.pharmacy-and-drugs.com/Std/Trichomoniasis.html 16. http://dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/Trichomoniasis.htm 17. http://starcentral.mbl.edu/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=assetfactsheet&imageid=22942 18. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/364840/view 19. http://instruct.uwo.ca/biology/332a/wk2trc.jpg 20. http://thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html 21. http://www.pharmacy-and-drugs.com/Std/Trichomoniasis.html
It lives in the reproductive and urinary system of hnuman being. predilection (tendency or liking) for human urogenital tract Trichomonas vaginalis , was described by the french scientist (physician microbiologist) Alfred Francois Donne in 1836. he had discovered it in the abnormal discharge from a women suffering from vaginitis. trichos = fine hair
urethra or tube that empties urine from the bladder. Trichomoniasis is also referred to as trich. http://www.pharmacy-and-drugs.com/Std/Trichomoniasis.html
Trichomonads is the term usually applied to members of the order Trichomonadida Among these only Trichomonas vaginalis is clearly pathogenic and it is usually of low virulence. Typically have 4 to 6 flagella.
Aside from human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Soper, D (2004). "Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?". Am J Obstet and Gynecol. 190 (1): 281–90.
Larger, single nucleus, shorter undulating
Axostyle: Element for stabilization consisting of bundle of mictrotubules. and has a barbwire-like ( الأسلاك الشائكة ) structure. This structure allows the protist to attach to and tear the urethra or vaginal walls, which causes inflammation and aids in speeding and intensifying infection. Costa: Elements of cell stabilization (noncontractile) Half of the cell body also has an undulating membrane, which helps sweep nutrients into the protist's mouth-like structure, called the cytosome. A visible nucleus is located at the organism's center. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/strous_mary/basic_info.htm (university of Wisconsin).
(The axostyle may be used for attachment to surfaces and may also cause the tissue damage noted in trichomoniasis infections. Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill They have a curious little structure that makes hydrogen. It is not known why they make it but if we knew how to make it as well and cheaply as they do, it could transform our energy economy. Burning hydrogen is non-polluting as it produces only water as a product. An abundant source of hydrogen could replace coal, oil and natural gas, thus eliminating carbon dioxide emissions. So, the multiple revelations of this one cell give us multiple reasons to try and discover the tricks of Trichomonas .
Nagesha CN, Rama NK. (1998). Clinical and microbiological aspects of vaginitis. Indian J Med Sci. 52(11):526-32. T. vaginalis is anaerobic, and it grows best in oxygen-free, low acidity environments. Maximum growth and metabolic function is achieved at a pH of 6.0. Spence M. Trichomoniasis. Contemp OB/GYN. 1992 Nov:132-141.
It is cosmopolitan in distribution, however prevalence is not uniform because of sanitary and hygiene habits (depends on surroundings). More specifically it is found in the vagina and urethra of women, and in the prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra of men. It is more common in women, and hard to find in men because most are asymptomatic. Its readily treatable (Kurth et al., 2004). Humans are the only natural hosts for the transmission of T. vaginalis (Petrin et al., 1998). Petrin D, et al. (1998). Clinical and microbiological aspect of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clinical Microb. (11): 300 – 317. Kurth A., et al. (2004). Performance of a new, rapid assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (7), 2940-2943.
Mode of Transmission Intimate sexual contact Sharing infected towels (Protozoa survive up to 24 hours on damp towels). Using vaginal sprays and douches
Due to adverse outcomes of vaginal trichomoniasis and its correlation with HIV transmission, there is a great need for public education regarding realization of personal hygienic measures and prevention of inappropriate sexual contacts. The incubation period of this infection is unknown; however, in vitro studies suggest an incubation period of 4 to 28 days. Hesseltine, H. 1942. Experimental human vaginal trichomoniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 71:127.
Symptoms Half of infected females have not symptoms Yellow-green or gray vaginal discharge that has an odor Painful urination Irritation and itching in genital area Recent research also suggests a link between T. vaginalis infection in males and subsequent aggressive prostate cancer. Negative outcomes of this infection are especially significant during pregnancy. Indeed, infected pregnant women may develop complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight infants.
Nearly half of all women with T. vaginalis are asymptomatic. Therefore, if these women are not screened, the diagnosis will be missed. This is one factor that the control is difficult. Painful urination & Irritation and itching in genital area spontaneous abortions (chaffing , itching, frothing/clear/creamy discharge ) Women who are symptomatic from trichomoniasis complain of vaginal discharge, pruritus, and irritation. Signs of infection include vaginal discharge (42%), odor (50%), and edema or erythema (22 to 37%). The discharge is classically described as frothy, but it is actually frothy in only about 10% of patients. (Review 2004) Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection which can occur in females (males rarely exhibit symptoms of a T. vaginalis infection) if the normal acidity of the vagina is shifted from a healthy, semi-acidic pH (3.8 - 4.2) to a much more basic one (5 - 6) that is favorable to T. vaginalis growth. Some of the symptoms of T. vaginalis include: preterm delivery , low birth weight , and increased mortality as well as predisposing to HIV infection, AIDS , (The damage caused by Trichomonas vaginalis to the vaginal endometrium increases a woman's susceptibility to an HIV infection. In addition to inflammation, the parasite also causes lysis of epithelial cells and RBCs in the area leading to more inflammation and disruption of the protective barrier usually provided by the epithelium. Having Trichomonas vaginalis also may increase the chances of the infected woman transmitting HIV to her sexual partner(s)) and cervical cancer . T. vaginalis is known as a cofactor in transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and may lead to adverse outcomes in pregnant women. Consistent with its tropism, T. vaginalis causes lower reproductive tract symptoms in women including vaginal discharge, vulvar irritation and dysparunia. Colonization of the urinary tract is associated with dysuria, urinary frequency, post voiding discomfort and lower abdominal pain. The vaginal discharge caused by T. vaginalis tends to be copious and can be ‘frothy’. Creamy discharge is often secondarily infected with the yeast Candida albicans. frothy (foamy) malodorous discharge Mulla, Summaiyaa; et al. (2009). "Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 52 (2):198–9. Mavedzenge, Sue Napierala; et al. (2010). "Epidemiological Synergy of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV in Zimbabwean and South African Women". Sex Transm Dis. 37 (7): 460–6.
culturing techniques increase diagnostic frequency in asymptomatic cases as numbers of trophozoites are usually low in these cases Currently, the most common method of diagnosis is via overnight culture. The presence of T. vaginalis can also be diagnosed by PCR , using primers specific for GENBANK/L23861 Treat with metronidozole (Flagyl) Partners should be treated
Schwebke JR, Burgess D. (2004). Trichomoniasis. Clin microbiol rev. 17 (4): 794–803. Ohlemeyer CL, et al. (1998). "Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent females: InPouch TV culture versus wet-mount microscopy. J of adolesc health. 22 (3): 205–8. Sood S, et al. (2007). "InPouch TV culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.". Indian J Med Res. 125 : 567–571. Schirm J, et al. (2007). "Trichomonas vaginalis detection using real-time TaqMan PCR". J of microbiol methods. 68 (2): 243–7. Stark JR, et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". J Natl Cancer Inst . 101(20):1406-11.
Schwebke JR, Burgess D. (2004). Trichomoniasis. Clin microbiol rev. 17 (4): 794–803. Ohlemeyer CL, et al. (1998). "Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent females: InPouch TV culture versus wet-mount microscopy. J of adolesc health. 22 (3): 205–8. Sood S, et al. (2007). "InPouch TV culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.". Indian J Med Res. 125 : 567–571. Schirm J, et al. (2007). "Trichomonas vaginalis detection using real-time TaqMan PCR". J of microbiol methods. 68 (2): 243–7. Stark JR, et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". J Natl Cancer Inst . 101(20):1406-11.
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