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Heat stress
Heat stress
Heat stress
Heat stress
Heat stress
Heat stress
Convection
Radiation
Convection
Radiation
Convection
Evaporation
Radiation
Convection
Evaporation
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
> 43 Tissue damage - Death
40 - 43 Failure of sweating mechanism
38 - 40 Limit set by WHO for avoidance of physiological strain
36.4 - 37.6 Normal core temperature
34 - 36.4 Shivering, decreased efficiency, confusion
30 - 34 Drowsiness, irregular heart rate, cramp
26 - 30 Loss of consciousness, severe impairment of respiratory and
cardiac functions
< 26 Death
Hypothalamus
Exercise
Shivering
Vasomotor
Sweating
Endocrine
Behaviour
Skin temp.
Core Temp
CNS Temp
Controlled
System
(heat
capacitance)
ENVIRONMENT
Source: WHO
Heat stroke
Body becomes unable to control
its temperature
Heat stroke
Death or permanent damage may occur if
treatment is not given promptly
Heat stroke - early signs
Body temperature raised
Erratic behaviour
Irritable
Hot, dry, flushed skin
Weakness
Unsteady
Fully developed heat stroke
Flushed
Dry skin
Convulsions
Loss of consciousness
Body temperature 40 C or above
Heat exhaustion
Caused by excessive loss of
water and/or salt due to
sweating
Heat exhaustion
 Pale moist face
 Dizziness / nausea and vomiting
 Headache and fatigue
 Oral temperature normal or
slightly elevated
Heat exhaustion
May collapse if warning signs
ignored
Heat cramps
Painful muscle spasms
Caused by loss of salt due to sweating
Heat syncope
Dilation of
blood vessels
Blood pools
in capillaries
Brain
deprived of
oxygen
Fainting
Heat rash
Blocking of pores by sweat
Heat rash
Skin rash over arms, shoulders, chest and
behind knees
Tingling or pricking feeling on skin
Factors that can lead to an
increased risk include:
Impervious clothing
Alcohol
Medication
Poor physical fitness
Obesity
Other effects
Contact with hot surfaces
Psychological effects – increased
incidence of accidents
Radiation
Convection
Evaporation
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Work rate
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Air temp
Air velocity
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Mean radiant
temperature
Radiant heat exchange
R = T4
R = Radiant heat in W/m2
 = Stefan-Boltzman constant
 = emissivity
T = surface temperature in K
Emissivity
Brass - polished 0.026 - 0.07
Brass - dull 0.6
Copper - polished 0.026 - 0.07
Copper - dull 0.6 - 0.88
Aluminium - polished 0.026 - 0.07
Aluminium - dull 0.07 - 0.086
Stainless steel - polished (monel) 0.09
Stainless steel - oxidised (monel) 0.43
Glass 0.72 - 0.87
Brick 0.93 - 0.95
Cast Iron 0.94
Soot 0.96
Black Body 1
Mean radiant temperature
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Humidity
Air velocity
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Humidity
Air velocity
Air temp
Air velocity
Mean radiant
temperature
Work rate
Heat Balance Equation
M = E + C + R
Humidity
Air velocity
Air temp
Air velocity
Mean radiant
temperature
Work rate
Clothing
Heat stress
Air
temperature
Mean radiant
temperature
Humidity Air velocity
Air
temperature
Mean radiant
temperature
Humidity Air velocity
Clothing
Metabolic
rate
Acclimatisation
Physiological adaption to heat
Can develop after 10 to 14 days exposure
to hot conditions
Air
temperature
Mean radiant
temperature
Humidity Air velocity
Clothing
Metabolic
rate
Acclimatisation
Heat stress
Air
temperature
Mean radiant
temperature
Humidity Air velocity
Air
temperature
Mean radiant
temperature
Humidity Air velocity
Clothing
Metabolic
rate
Acclimatisation
Air temperature
Standard thermometer
Humidity
Whirling hygrometer
Radiant heat
Globe thermometer
Mini-globe
Air velocity
Kata thermometer
Electronic instruments
Metabolic rate
1 Met = 58 Wm-2
Clothing
1 Clo = Insulation value of 0,155 m2 oC/W
Acclimatisation
YES ? OR NO?
Heat
stress
index
Air temp.
Mean
radiant
temp.
Humidity
Air
movement
Work rate
Clothing
Acclimn
Screening methods
Talking to people
Observations
Checklists
Heat stress
Heat stress
WBGT Index
Indoors
WBGT = 0.7 tnwb + 0.3 tg
Outdoors
WBGT = 0.7 tnwb + 0.2 tg + 0.1 ta
WBGT Reference Values from ISO 7243
Metabolic
Rate Class
Metabolic
Rate W/m2
Reference Value of WBGT (C)
Acclimatised Non-acclimatised
0 <65 33 32
1 65 - 130 30 29
2 130 - 200 28 28
3 200 - 260 no air movement 25
with air movement 26
no air movement 22
with air movement 23
4 >260 no air movement 23
with air movement 25
no air movement 18
with air movement 20
ACGIH TLVs – Action Limit
Allocation of
work in work
cycle
Workload
Light Moderate Heavy V ery
heavy
75% to 100% 28.0 25.0 - -
50% to 75% 28.5 26.0 24.0 -
25% to 50% 29.5 27.0 25.5 24.5
0 to 25% 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0
ACGIH TLVs
Allocation of
work in work
cycle
Workload
Light Moderate Heavy V ery
heavy
75% to 100% 31.0 28.0 - -
50% to 75% 31.0 29.0 27.5 -
25% to 50% 32.0 30.0 29.0 28.0
0 to 25% 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0
TLV Clothing Corrections
ClothingType WBGT Correction
Work clothes (long sleeve and pants) 0
Cloth (woven material) coveralls o
Double layer woven clothing 3
SMS polypropylene coveralls 0.5
Polyolefin overalls 1
Limited use capour-barrier overalls 11
ISO Standards
7243 Estimation of heat stress usingWBGT
7730 Evaluation of moderate thermal
environments using PMV and PPD
7933 Analytical determination of heat stress
using the Predicted Heat Strain Index
7726 Instruments and methods
8996 Physiological methods
Predicted Heat Strain Index
Complex!
Based on heat balance equation
Solve using computer program
Heat stress
Heat stress
Predicted Heat Strain Index
Gives maximum allowable exposure
times based on
o Heat storage
o Water loss
Outdated heat stress indices
Effective temperature (ET)
Corrected effective temperature (CET)
Predicted four hour sweat rate (P4SR)
The heat stress index (HSI)
Index of thermal stress (ITS)
Physiological assessment
Temperature Heart rate
Miner’s Core Temperature & Heart Rate
Source: OHTA.
Personal Monitor
Assess Risk
using screening methods
WBGT Index
ISO 7243 or ACGIH TLVs
Expert analysis
PHS Index - ISO 7933
Expert analysis
Physiological measures
– ISO 9886
ISO 27726
Specification of equipment used
to measure thermal environment
ISO 28996
Estimation or measurement of
Metabolic rate
Identify Hazards
Identify Controls
A Structured Approach to Heat Stress Risk Assessment
Heat stress
Hierarchy of Control
Prevention
Engineering
Work Practices
PPE
Occupational Health Management
Prevention
Engineering
Work Practices
PPE
Supervision
Maintenance
Procedures
Auditing
Testing
Health surveillance
Monitoring
Information
Training
Housekeeping
Metabolic Rate
Automate
Reduce work rate
Mechanical aids
Radiant Heat Exchange
R = T4
R = Radiant heat in W/m2
 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
 = emissivity
T = surface temperature in K
Controlling Radiant Heat
R = T4
Reduce
temperature
Controlling Radiant Heat
R = T4
Reduce
temperature
Minimise size / intensity of source
Insulate surfaces
Direct / indirect cooling
www.lubisol.com
Controlling Radiant Heat
R = T4
Reduce
emissivity
Controlling Radiant Heat
R = T4
Reduce
emissivity
Cladding
Bright, shiny surfaces
e.g. Polished aluminium
Heat stress
Heat stress
www.industrialheating.com
Reflective shielding for
radiant heat
Insulate heat sources
www.nworrp.org
Increase air movement
Be careful as this can increase
convective heat gain
Local cooling
Introducing pre-cooled air
http://mikegigi.com
General ventilation
cool air enters
at low level
through open
windows
Hot air escapes through roof vent
hot process
High humidity
Extract humid air
Dehumidification
Increase air
movement
Time Reduce exposure time
Job rotation
Work – rest regimes
Work scheduling
Distance Segregation
Restrict access
Rest areas
Organisation Reduce numbers exposed
Good working practice
Written procedures
“Permits to work”
Work practices / organisation
Heat stress
Heat stress
Cooling vests
Heat stress
Management measures
Screening & health surveillance
Information, instruction, training
Supervision
Self regulation
Provide water
Heat stress
http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/index.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/
http://www.bohs.org/resources/res.aspx/Resource/filename/840/TG12.pdf
http://www.bohs.org/resources/res.aspx/Resource/filename/1473/04_TG12_Addendum_to_2nd_Edition.pdf
• ISO 7730 (Thermal comfort)
• ISO 7743 (WBGT)
• ISO 7933 (Heat stress)
Standards
Picture credits
 Stock.xchng (www.sxc.hu)
 LumaSense Technologies (www.innova.dk)
 Occupational hygiene training association
(www.ohlearning.com)
 Lubisol (www.lubisol.com)
 Industrial Heating magazine (www.industrialheating.com)
 Northwest Ohio railway preservation inc (www.nworrp.org)
 Mike Firth's Revised Again Glassblowing Homepage
(http://mikegigi.com)
http://www.slideshare.net/mikeslater
occhygiene@btconnect.com
http://diamondenv.wordpress.com
Twitter @diamondenv
Mike Slater

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