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- 2. предговор Драги читатели оваа книга е напишана со една единствена цел на едноставен и лесен начин да ја научиме англиската граматика , а воедно и англискиот јазик.
- 3. English alphabet –Aнглиска азбука Англиската азбука е составена од 26 букви. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Имаме 5 самогласки (vowels) и 21 согласки(consonants). 5 vowels a e i o u 21 consonants b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z Имаме зборови во кои самогласкоте се изговараат кратко и имаме зборови каде што самогласките се изговараат долго. Примери: Кратко изговарање на самогласка = (vowel) а: act, apt, ask, bat, bad, bag, cat, cap, cab, dad, dab, Dan, fan, fat, fad, gap, gab, gal, gas, ham, has, had, hat, jab, jam, lab, lad, lag, lap, man, mad, mat, map, nap, pan, Pam, pad, pal, ran, ram, rag, rat, Sam, sad, sag, sat, sap, tab, tan, tad, tag, tap, van, vat, yam, zap. Кратко изговарање на самогласка = (vowel) e: Ben, bed, beg, bet, den, fed, gem, get, gel, hen, hem, jet, Ken, keg, led, leg, let, men, met, net, pen, peg, pet, red, set, ten, Ted, vet, yet, wed, wet. Кратко изговарање на самогласка = (vowel) I : bin, bid, big, bit, dim, did, dig, dip, fin, fig, fit, gin, gig, him, his, hid, hit, hip, jib, Jim, jig, jip, kin, Kim, kid, kit, lid, lit, lip, nip, pin, pig, pit, rim, rid, rig, rip, sin, sit, sip, tin, tip, win, wit, zip, zit.
- 4. Кратко изговарање на самогласка = (vowel) o: bop, con, cod, cog, cot, cop, Don, dog, dot, fog, God, got, hog, hot, jog, jot, lob, log, lot, lop, mob, mom, mop, nod, not, pod, pot, rod, rot, son, sod, ton, Tom, tot, top, won. Кратко изговарање на самогласка = (vowel) u: bun, bum, bus, bud, bug, but, cud, cut, cup, dug, fun, gun, gum, Gus, gut, hum, hug, hut, jug, jut, lug, mug, nun, nut, pun, pug, pup, rub, run, rum, rug, rut, sub, sun, sum, tug. Долго изговарање на самогласка =(vowel) а : mail gain bake ape paint gray nail main cake tape day play pail pain lake ate hay pray rail rain make hate lay stay sail train rake late may stray tail mane take date pay tray came vane pale gate say fade game wave sale bait way made name save whale wait clay grade 2. Долго изговарање на самогласка=(vowel) е:се изговара и,додека самогласката до неа (а,е) не се изговара. sea seal fear beef wheat sheep tea beam hear meek seem sleep reach team near seek seen deer teach bean bee feel teen feet beak mean tree heal green meet weak heap free peel deep beet heal leap feed hear peep greet meal ear need meat weep key
- 5. real dear weed seat creep three 3. Долго изговарање на самогласка=(vowel) i: (aj) hide bike dime vine pie dive ride like lime wipe tie five side hike time pipe fire hive tide file chime ripe hire cry wide mile dine rise tire dry bride pile fine wise wire fly glide tile line size bite fry pride smile mine prize kite try slide while pine die white sky 4. Долго изговарање на самогласка=(vowel) o: road coat hole rope stove grow load goat pole nose bow know toad hoe stole rose low show oak toe home close mow slow soak rode bone chose row snow foam joke cone hose tow throw roam poke tone note blow boast soap spoke stone vote crow roast boat smoke hope dove flow toast 5. Долго изговарање на самогласка=(vowel) u: suite June true new chew flew fruit tune use pew drew slew juice prune fuse crew grew stew cute blue dew knew screw mew flute clue few mule threw cube dune glue hew rule blew tube he we why lo yo-yo me by go no be do she my so so hi to
- 6. Заедно 2 самогласки (vowels ) ea: == e се чита , а не се чита. bedspread dread realm bread head spread breakfast health steadfast breast heaven stealth breath instead sweat dead lead thread deadlock leapt threat deadpan leaven tread deaf meant wealth death read weapon Во примерот што следува еа се изговара и. beach feast meat sea beagle flea neat seal cheat heal peach seat clean jeans peanut speak cream leaf reach teach dream lean read teapot each least reap treat eat mean scream weak Заедно 2 самогласки (vowels ) ee: се изговара и. bee feel peel sheep
- 7. beef feet peep sheet beep fleet peewee sleep beet free queen steel beetle glee reed street bleed green reef sweep cheek heed reel sweet creek heel see teen creep jeep seed teeth deed keep seek thee deep meet seem three feed need seen week fee peek seep wheel ey: се изговара и. alley galley key monkey chimney hockey kidney parsley chutney honey Mickey valley donkey jockey money volley Заедно 2 самогласки (vowels ) ie:се изговара и. Angie believe chief frieze piece baggie Bonnie cookie genie shield beanie brie field grief siege
- 8. belief brief fiend niece thief Заедно 2 самогласки (vowels ) ai: се изговара еј. aim mail raid tail brain paid rail trail chain pail rain train drain pain sail trait fail paint snail vain gain plain sprain wail jail quail stain wait Заедно ay: се изговара еј. day hay pay say stray clay lay play spray tray gray may pray stay way a+самогласка +е = а се изговара еј,додека е не се изговара. ape game place snake cake grade race take came late same trade chase made skate whale
- 9. th = т или д than them this that then thus thank thing thrust thick think thud thicket thrift thug thickness thrill thump thin throb thwack wh = в whack which whip whelp whim whippet when whir whit whet whirl whiz sh = ш shed shell shin shelf shift ship trashcan brush fish splash dish fresh trash
- 10. finish rush wish ch = ч chaff chat chicken chip champ check chili chipmunk chant chess chill chock chap chest chin chop chaps chick chink chuck attach fetch latch scratch bench finch lunch sketch bunch French match stitch catch glitch much stretch cinch hitch patch such clench hunch pitch twitch clutch inch ranch which crutch itch rich witch wr = вр wrap wren wristband wrapper wrench write
- 11. wreath wring writer wreck wrinkle wrong wreckage wrist wrote kn = кн knack knight knapsack knit knave knob knead knock knee knock-off kneecap knockout kneel knockwurst kneeling knot knew know knickers knowledge knife knuckle mn mb mb autumn bomb lamb column climb limb condemn comb numb hymn crumb plumber solemn dumb thumb
- 12. tion addition fiction attention frustration caution hibernation celebration invitation commotion lotion condition motion contraction nation decoration option definition position description promotion devastation question devotion staiont direction subtraction education vacation ng bang fling long sing strung belong flung lung slang stung clang gang oblong slung swung cling gong pang song thing clung hang rang sprang thong
- 13. ding headlong ring spring unsung dong hung rung string weeklong fang king sang strong wing ph = ф alphabet nephew autograph orphan cellophane phantom digraph pharmacist dolphin pharmacy elephant pheasant graph phone microphone phonics laugh laughter rough tough Aнглиски зборови со различни суфикси. -st -sk -sp -nd -nt best ask clasp and different fast desk crisp band important just disk cusp blend parent last dusk gasp end plant lost husk grasp find president must mask lisp kind student rest risk wasp land want trust task wisp stand went
- 14. -nk -mp -rd -ld -lp bank camp afford child gulp drink damp bird cold help junk dump card fold kelp pink jump discard gold palp sink lamp hard held pulp shrink pump record hold scalp thank stamp word old whelp think swamp yard wild yelp -rk -lt -lf -pt -ft -ct ark adult calf accept craft act clerk belt half adopt drift direct irk difficult elf attempt gift expect jerk fault golf crept left fact lurk melt gulf except lift object park result self kept raft project smirk salt shelf slept soft respect work tilt wolf unkempt waft tract Англиски зборови со различни префикси. bl- cl- fl- black claim flag blame class flame blanket clay flat blast clean float blaze climb flood blind clock floor block close flower
- 15. blood clothes fly gl- pl- sl- glad place slam glasses plan slap glider plant sleep glitter play sleeve glitzy plaza slice globe please slip gloves plenty slither glue plus slow br- cr- dr- brain crab drastic branch cracker draw brave crazy dream bridge cricket dress bring cripple dribble brother crisp drink brown crutch drop brush cry dry fr- gr- pr- frantic grade practice freezer graduate prevent frequent grandpa pride fresh grass private friend great promise frighten grocery protect from ground prove frozen grow prune tr- sc- sk- trade scab skate traffic scale skeleton travel school ski
- 16. treat score skill tree scrap skin true scratch skinny trust scream skip try scribble sky sm- sn- sp- small snack space smart snail spank smash snake speak smear snap special smell sneak spend smile snore spirit smog snow sport smooth snug spot st- sw- tw- stage swallow twelve stand swan twenty star sweat twice step sweet twilight stone swim twin stop swing twinkle strong switch twist study swollen twitch Во англискиот јазик постојат и други видови на зборови и тоа: Idioms (изрази ,зборови или фрази составени од два или повеќе зборови кои сите заедно имаат поразлично значење од значењето кога се сами.) A hot potato A penny for your thoughts Actions speak louder than words
- 17. Add insult to injury An arm and a leg At the drop of a hat Back to the drawing board Ball is in your court Barking up the wrong tree Be glad to see the back of Beat around the bush Best of both worlds Best thing since sliced bread Bite off more than you can chew Blessing in disguise Burn the midnight oil Can't judge a book by its cover Caught between two stools Costs an arm and a leg Cross that bridge when you come to it Cry over spilt milk Curiosity killed the cat Cut corners Cut the mustard Devil's Advocate Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched Don't give up the day job Don't put all your eggs in one basket Drastic times call for drastic measures Elvis has left the building Every cloud has a silver lining Far cry from Feel a bit under the weather Give the benefit of the doubt Hear it on the grapevine Hit the nail on the head Hit the sack / sheets / hay In the heat of the moment It takes two to tango Jump on the bandwagon Keep something at bay Kill two birds with one stone Last straw
- 18. Let sleeping dogs lie Let the cat out of the bag Make a long story short Method to my madness Miss the boat Not a spark of decency Not playing with a full deck Off one's rocker On the ball Once in a blue moon Picture paints a thousand words Piece of cake Put wool over other people's eyes See eye to eye Sit on the fence Speak of the devil! Steal someone's thunder Take with a grain of salt Taste of your own medicine To hear something straight from the horse's mouth Whole nine yards Wouldn't be caught dead Your guess is as good as mine Идеоми и нивни синоними all of a sudden - suddenly = oдеднаш all the same - no difference =нема разлика as a rule - usually, generally = обично as for - in reference to= во однос на at all - (not) in the smallest degree at this point - at this time be about to do something - be close to doing something be broke - have no money at all be in charge of something - be responsible for something be in good health - be healthy be in poor health - not healthy
- 19. be in good shape - be physically fit be in bad shape - be in bad state be on one's way be out of date - be outdated be to blame - be responsible for a mistake, for something wrong be used to something - be accustomed to something by heart - by memorizing by oneself (by myself, by himself, etc.) - alone; on one's own by the way - incidentally come true - become reality do one's best - try very hard every now and then - occasionally every other - every second one fall in love - begin to love feel like doing something - want to do; be inclined to do something for good - forever for the time being - for now; at this time from now on - since now get in touch with someone - contact someone get lost - lose one's way get mixed up - get confused get rid of something or someone - dispose of; discard get to the point - speak directly about the subject; come to the point give someone a hand - help someone give someone a lift; give someone a ride - take someone to some place by car in advance - well before in fact - actually; in reality in general - generally; generally speaking in other words - using other words in time (to do something) - early enough; before something begins it's time - should do it right away It's worth it. It's not worth it. just in case - to be on the safe side
- 20. Just my luck! - Bad luck! Hard luck! keep in mind - bear in mind; consider; remember keep in touch - keep in contact by calling, visiting, etc. keep one's word - fulfill a promise let it go - forget bad experience; return to normal life little by little - step by step; gradually lose one's way - get lost make friends - become friends make fun of someone or something - laugh at; joke about make sense - be logical make up one's mind - decide Make yourself at home. - Be comfortable; feel at home. never mind - don't worry about it not to mention - in addition to no wonder - not surprising on credit - not having to pay cash right away on guard - on the alert on hand - available on one's own (on my own, on your own, on his own, etc.) - alone; by oneself on purpose - intentionally on second thought - after thinking again on the alert - on guard on the other hand - considering the other side of the question on time - punctually; at the specified time out of the question - impossible pay attention - be attentive right away - immediately so far - up to now take a break - stop for rest take care of someone or something - look after; see that something is done properly take into account - consider something take it easy - relax; be calm
- 21. take part in something - participate take place - happen take time - take a long time take turns - alternate doing something one after another That's just the point. - That's it. that will do - it's enough under the weather - feeling a little ill, a little unwell (be) up to date - modern, latest, current used to do something - did something regularly in the past but not now What's the matter? - What is it? Syonym =Синоними Syonym се зборови (изрази) кои се пишуваат различно, но имаат исто или слично значење. Adjectives-Придавки Synonyms-Синоними big large blank empty broad wide center middle cunning clever dangerous risky eatable edible false untrue fertile fruitful gay cheerful glad happy hard difficult high tall huge enormous
- 22. intelligent clever lazy indolent little small loving fond loyal faithful mad crazy new modern nice kind noisy rowdy old ancient oral verbal polite courteous poor destitute quick rapid/fast rare scarce ready alert real genuine rich wealthy rude impolite sad unhappy safe secure sleepy drowsy slim slender thin lean usual normal vacant empty weak feeble
- 23. well-known famous Homonyms Homonyms се зборови (изрази) со ист или сличен правопис и изговор, но сосема различно значење. 1. AIR – HEIR 2. AISLE – ISLE 3. ALTAR – ALTER 4. BAND – BAND 5. BANK – BANK 6. BARE – BEAR – BEAR 7. BARK – BARK 8. BAT – BAT 9. BE – BEE 10.BEAT – BEET 11.BOUGH– BOW– BOW 12.BOW– BEAU 13.BRAKE – BREAK 14.BUY – BY 15.CACHE – CASH 16.CELL – SELL 17.CENT – SCENT 18.CEREAL – SERIAL 19.COARSE – COURSE 20.CURRANT – CURRENT 21.DEAR – DEER 22.DESERT– DESSERT 23.DEW – DUE 24.DIE – DYE 25.FAIR – FAIR – FARE FINE – FINE
- 24. 26.FIR – FUR FLEA – FLEE 27.FLOUR – FLOWER 28.FOREWORD – FORWARD 29.GAIT – GATE 30.GRATE – GREAT 31.GROUND – GROUND 32.HAIR – HARE 33.HALL – HAUL HANGAR – HANGER 34.HAY – HEY 35.HEAL – HEEL 36.HEAR – HERE 37.HI – HIGH 38.HOARSE – HORSE 39.HOLE – WHOLE 40.I – EYE 41.KNIGHT – NIGHT 42.KNOW – NO 43.LIE – LIE 44.LIGHT – LIGHT 45.MAIL – MALE 46.MEAN – MEAN 47.MEAT – MEET 48.NONE – NUN 49.PAIL – PALE 50.PAIR – PEAR 51.PEACE – PIECE 52.PEAK – PEEK 53.PLAIN – PLANE 54.POLE – POLE – POLL 55.POUND – POUND 56.PRINCIPAL – PRINCIPLE 57.RACE – RACE 58.READ – REED 59.RIGHT – WRITE 60.RING – RING 61.ROLE – ROLL 62.ROOT – ROUTE 63.ROW– ROW 64.SAIL – SALE 65.SEA – SEE 66.SEW– SO – SOW 67.SIGHT – SITE 68.SOLE – SOLE – SOLE – SOUL 69.SOME – SUM 70.SON – SUN 71.STAIR – STARE STAKE – STEAK
- 25. 72.STEAL – STEEL 73.SUITE – SWEET 74.TAIL – TALE 75.TIP – TIP 76.TOAST – TOAST 77.TOE – TOW 78.TOO – TWO 79.TRUNK – TRUNK 80.VAIN – VEIN 81.WAIST – WASTE 82.WAIT – WEIGHT 83.WARE – WEAR – WHERE 84.WAY – WEIGH 85.WEAK – WEEK 86.WEATHER – WHETHER 87.WELL – WELL 88.WHICH – WITCH 89.WHINE – WINE Heteronyms Heteronyms се зборови (изрази) со ист или сличен правопис, но различен изговор и значење. Affect (verb) and affect (noun, in psychology) Agape (a mouth) and agape, and also a term for a Alternate (adjective) and alternate (verb) Appropriate (adjective) and appropriate (verb) Bases (plural of basis) and bases (plural of base, but also a near- homonym for basis) bass(fish) and bass (voice) Bow (defer) and bow (for violin) Buffet and buffet Close (adjective) and close (verb) Console (verb) and console (noun) Contents (noun) and contents (verb, usually reflexive, third person singular; but also works in the first person with the singular form of the noun) Contract and contract Contrary and contrary Converse (verb) and converse (noun) Coordinates (verb) and coordinates (mathematical or cartological
- 26. noun) Defect (verb) and defect (noun) Delegate (verb) and delegate (noun) Denier (one who denies something, such as the holocaust) and denier (unit of measurement for the fineness of silk, nylon and other fabrics) Desert (noun) and desert (verb), though the latter is a homophone for dessert (noun) Deliberate (adjective) and deliberate (verb) Does (verb) and does (plural noun) Dogged (one syllable) and dogged (two syllables) Dove (the bird) and dove (past tense of dive) Entrance (noun) and entrance (verb) Essay (noun) and essay (verb) Evening (noun) and evening (verb) Grave (to rhyme with 'halve') and grave (to rhyme with 'gave') Import (verb) and import (noun; for example, close synonym for importance) Incense (noun) and incense (verb) Invalid (adjective) and invalid (noun) Intimate (adjective) and intimate (verb) Lead (metal) and lead (verb) lied(musical noun) and lied (verb, past tense) Liver (internal organ) and liver ("a name arbitrarily given to the bird figured in the arms of the city of Liverpool" Minute (noun) and minute (adjective) Moped (noun) and moped (verb, past perfect tense) None (to rhyme with "nun") and none (may be attended by a nun) Number (noun) and number (relative form of numb) Pace (by the leave of) and pace (footstep/speed) Pasty (noun) and pasty (adjective) Plaque and plaque Present (verb) and present (noun) Project (noun) and project (verb) Pussy (adjective) and pussy (noun, meaning cat. Settle down, class.) Putting (not golf) and putting (golf) Recreation and recreation Recover (from illness or other misfortune) and recover (while restoring furniture, for example) Refuse (verb) and refuse (noun)
- 27. Resign (as in resignation) and resign (as in signature) Routed (in battle) and routed (via a computer network) Row (argue, argument) and row (line) Seconded and seconded Severer (more severe) and severer (one who severs) Sewer (one who sews) and sewer (sanitation infrastructure) Sin (mathematical) and sin (theological). This is a triple heteronym, according to someone who knows better than I how to pronounce Sin, the Akkadian god of the moon. Skied (past tense of ski) and skied (an old cricketing term, Slough (verb) and slough (noun) sow(noun) and sow (verb) Supply (verb or noun) and supply (adverb from 'supple'; this spelling is preferable to 'supplely', according to the Oxford Spelling Dictionary.) Swinging and swinging (alternative spelling of 'swingeing', according to the OED) Tear (verb) and tear (noun) Tier (noun, one who ties something) and tier (noun, a level or layer) Unionized (meaning formed a union) and unionized (reverse of ionized) Wicked (two syllables) and wicked (one syllable) Wind (noun) and wind (verb, to rhyme with bind) Whoops (verb) and whoops (exclamation) Whooping (in which the 'h' is silent) and whooping, in which the 'w' is silent. Since the latter only occurs in 'whooping cough' Worsted (yarn or fabric) and worsted (opposite of bested) Wound (noun) and wound (past tense of wind) Zoon (two syllables; scientific noun) and zoon (one syllable; verb, meaning a style of preaching or praying) Homophones Homophones се зборови (изрази) кои исто се изговараат ,но имаат различно значење и правопис.
- 28. air heir aisle isle ante- anti- eye I bare bear be bee brake break buy by cell sell cent scent cereal serial coarse course complement compliment dam damn dear deer die dye fair fare fir fur flour flower for four hair hare heal heel hear here him hymn
- 29. hole whole hour our idle idol in inn knight night knot not know no made maid mail male meat meet morning mourning none nun oar or one won pair pear peace piece plain plane poor pour pray prey principal principle profit prophet real reel right write root route
- 30. sail sale sea see seam seem sight site sew so shore sure sole soul some sum son sun stair stare stationary stationery steal steel suite sweet tail tale their there to too toe tow waist waste wait weight way weigh weak week wear where
- 31. Heterograph Heterograph се зборови кои се изговараат исто но се напишани различно. Right write Warn worn Role roll Sight site Red read Reed read Due dew Dye die What watt Peel peal Reel real Raise raze Wait weight Piece peace Please pleas Jeans genes Throne thrown Groan grown Pale pail Male mail Lie lye Pain pane Team teem Seam seem Pair pear Boy buoy Whale wail Bale bail Ail ale Aisle isle
- 32. Fair fare Hair hare Stair stare Chord cord Board bored Where wear Bare bear Saw sore Raw roar Sure shore Paw pore Or oar Oar ore Hour our Steal steel Heal heel For four Tore tour Buy by Rain reign Homographs Homographs се зборови кои имаат исти правопис но различно значење. arms (weapons) arms (part of body) ball (sphere) ball (dance) band (music makers) band (strap) bass (low musical sound) bass (fish) * bear (animal) bear (carry) bluff (steep embankment) bluff (fool) boil (bubble) boil (skin sore)
- 33. bow (bend) bow (part of ship) bow (weapon) * box (container) box (hit) box (shrub) brush (tool) brush (undergrowth) can (container) can (able) case (container) case (condition) colon (part of body) colon (punctuation mark) count (royalty) count (number) date (fruit); date (on calendar) date (companion) down (feathers) down (direction) down (grassland) duck (bird) duck (avoid) duck (cloth) fan (admirer) fan (cooling device) fast (quick) fast (starve) fine (good quality) fine (payment for wrongdoing) firm (hard) firm (company) fly (insect) fly (move through air) fly (flap of cloth covering pant zipper) fresh (new) fresh (bold) gum (chewing treat) gum (mouth part) hold (grasp) hold (part of ship) jam (preserved fruit) jam (squeeze) jam (impromptu music) lap (part of body) lap (course) lap (drink) lean (slant) lean (thin) left (direction) left (went) lie (untruth) lie (recline) loaf (lounge) loaf (bread)
- 34. lumber (wood) lumber (walk slowly) mole (skin spot) mole (animal) page (call) page (of paper) page (youth) pen (for writing) pen (enclosure) pitcher (container) pitcher (in baseball) pop (sound) pop (popular) pop (father) pop (soda) pound (weight) pound (kennel) pound (hit) prune (fruit) prune (cut) pupil (part of eye) pupil (student) racket (for tennis) racket (scheme) racket (noise) ring (circle) ring (sound of bell) row (in a line) row (with oars) row (fight) sock (hit) sock (stocking) tap (hit lightly) tap (faucet) swallow (bird) swallow (gulp) well (good) well (for water) nail (body part) nail (hit with a hammer) Homonym = ист правопис+ ист изговор = разлишно значење. Homograph = ист правопис+ист или не изговор = различно значење. Homophone = ист правопис+ист или не изговор =разлишно значење.
- 35. Heteronym = ист правопис + различен изговор =различно значење. Ист правопис+ ист изговор+ различно значење= homograph homophone and homonym. Ист правопис+ различен изговор+ различно значење= homograph and heteronym. Различен правопис+ ист изговор+ различно значење= homophone.
- 36. Зборовите во англискиот јазик се делат во неколку групи и тоа: Именки=Nouns Предлози=Prepositions Придавки=Adjective Прилози=Аdverbs Заменки=Pronouns Сврзници=Conjunctions Извици=Interiections Глаголи=Verbs
- 37. 1.Именки=Nouns Именките се зборови со кои нешто именуваме. Имаме повеќе видови на именки и тоа: 1. Oпшти именки = Common nouns 2. Збирни именки = Collective nouns 3. Сопствени именки = Proper nouns 4. Градивни именки = Materijal nouns 5. Апстракни именки = Abstract nouns 6. Бројливи именки = Countable nouns 7. Небројливи именки = Uncountable nouns 1.Oпшти именки=Common nouns Со овие именки се именуваат суштества,предмети,места…...... Животни = Аnimals: lion,tiger,bear, dog,rabbit… Луге = People:mother,father,grandmother,woman Места = Places:city,state,continent,park……. Предмети = Оbjects:table,book,pensil, windows…. 2.Сопствени именки=Proper nouns Со овие именки се именува име на луге, држави,улици,реки,океани,компании,цркви, наслови на книги,списанија,имиња на планини . Луге=People:James,Jon,David,Julie,Madona.....Држави=States:Mac edonia,Bulgaria,England…. Реки=Rivers:Vardar,Mississippi,Black River….. Океани=Oceans:Atlantic Ocean,Pacific ocean... Планини=Mountains:Alps,Himalaya,Shar mountain………… Книги=Books:Pinocchio,Robizon Crusoe…… Цркви=Churches:Sveti Spas,Virgin Mother….. Списанија=Journals:Our world,Food and wine… Карактеристично за proper nouns е тоа што тие се пишуваат секогаш со голема буква.
- 38. Збирни именки=Collective nouns Со овие именки се именува група како целина,односно семејство. Може да издвоиме групи и тоа: Група од луѓе:армија ,публика,бенд,хор, семејство, полиција........ Groups of people:army,audience,band,choir Family,police………. Група од животни:стадо,рој,јато…...... Groups of animals:herd,swarm,flock….. Група од нешто:куп,пакет,талог,пар,сет.... Groups of things:bunch,bundle.clump,pair.. 3.Градивни именки=Materijal nouns Обие именки ги именуваат супстанциите што постојат во природата. Примери: gold---злато, iron---железо, glass---стакло, paper---хартија, silver---сребро, rubber---гума.... copper---бакар, cotton--- памук, wool---волна…. Ice---лед, stone---камен, tree---дрво, salt---sol milk---млеко, plastic--- пластика............ 4.Апстракни именки=Apstract nouns Aпстракните именки се зборови со кои се искажува име на нешто што
- 39. не можеме да го допреме но можеме да го почуствуваме. love---љубов, аnger---гнев, delight---задоволство, liberty---слобода , аdoration---восхитување, success---успех, thrill---возбуда, truth—вистина, thirst---жед, fear---страв, 5.Бројливи именки---Countable nouns Во овие именки спаѓаат сите оние именки што можат да се пребројат. Примери: apple---јаболка, eggs---јајца, potatos---компири, birds---птици, picture---слика, dog---куче, woman---жена............ 6.Небројливи именки---Uncountable nouns Во овие именки спаѓаат сите оние именки што неможат да се избројат. Примери: аir---возух, blood---крв, flour---брашно, rice---ориз, salt---сол, water---вода, milk---млеко, food---храна..........
- 40. Множина од именките=Plural of nouns Општо правило: Ако сакаме некоја именка да ја ставиме во множина треба на именката да ја додадеме наставката -s. Примери: book=books книга=книги cup=cups чаша=чаши cat=cats маче=мачиња pencil=pencils молив=моливи Додека именките што завршуваат на -s, o, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch за множина јa додаваме наставката -еs. Примери: box = boxes кутија = кутии watch = watches часовник = часовници class = classes bench = benches клупа = клупи patato = potatoes компир = компири fox = foxes лисица = лисици kiss = kisses бакнеж = бакнежи Кога именката завршува на наставката -Y, a пред неа имаме самогласка тогаш ја додаваме наставката -s . Boy =boys момче = момчиња Holiday = holidays одмор = одмори Key = keys кључ = кључеви
- 41. guy = guys Кога именката завршува на -Y a пред неа имаме согласка тогаш ја додаваме наставката -ies ,но ја бришеме Y. Примери: Party = parties забава= забави Lady = ladies дама= дами Singular Plural boy boys holiday holidays key keys guy guys Singular Plural kiss kisses wish wishes match matches box boxes fox foxes Singular Plural car cars house houses book books bird birds pencil pencils Singular Plural party parties lady ladies story stories nanny nannies city cities Singular Plural man men woman women child children foot feet tooth teeth goose geese
- 42. Story = stories приказна = приказни city = cities град = градови baby = babies бебе = бебиња Кога именката завршува на f или fe тога се брише f или fe и се додава наставката -ves. Примери: Life = lives Leaf = leaves Wife = wives Именките што завршуваат на is тогаш is го претвораме во es. analysis = analyses mouse mice Singular Plural life lives leaf leaves thief thieves wife wives
- 43. basis = bases crisis = crises Постојат именки кои имаат иста форма во еднина и множина. Примери: fish = fish риба = риби sheep = sheep овца = овци deer = deer елен = елени moose = moose лос = лосови aircraft =aircraft авион = авиони Постојат голем број именки за кои неважи ниту едно правило од досега наведените па затоа овие именки велиме дека имаат неправилна множина. Примери: woman = women жена = жени man = men маж = мажи child = children дете = деца tooth = teeth заб = заби foot = feet нога = нозе person = people човек = луѓе
- 44. Род кај именките = Gender of nouns Општо правило: Bo англискиот јазик родот кај именките не се определува граматички ,туку природно според полот. Така што именките од машки суштества се од машки род (masculine), именките на женските суштества се од женски род (feminine) , a именките што не припаѓаат ниту во машки ниту во женски род се именки во среден род(neuter) . Именки од женски род се именки на жени, девојчиња и женски животни. Примери: girl = девојка cow =крава mother = мајка goat = коза sister = сестра sheep = овца Именки од машки род се именки на мажи, момчиња и машки животни. Примери: boy = момче bull = бик brather = брат cock = петел father = татко ox = вол
- 45. PEOPLE (луѓе) MASCULINE(машки род) FAMININE(женски род) actor author bachelor boy Boy Scout brave bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor father father-in-law fiance gentleman giant god governor grandfather headmaster heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man manager manservant master actress authoress spinster girl Girl Guide Squaw bride sister comductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress mother mother-in-law fiancee lady giantess goddess matron grandmother headmistress heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman manageress maidservant mistress
- 47. CREATURES (суштества) MASCULINE(машки род) FAMININE (женски род) billy-goat boar buck (deer, hare) buck-rabbit bull bull-elephant bull-seal bullock bull-whale cob (swan) cock cockerel cock-pigeon colt (young horse) dog drake drone fox gander hawk he-bear he-goat he-wolf jack-ass leopard lion peacock ram (sheep) stag stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock nanny-goat sow doe doe-rabbit cow cow-elephant cow-seal heifer cow-whale pen hen pullet hen-pigeon filly bitch duck bee vixen goose bowess she-bear she-goat she-wolf jenny-ass, she-ass leopardess lioness peahen ewe hind mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen Имаме именки што се користат со иста форма во машки и во женски род. Примери: babies, parents, singers , pupil, Dancers, teachers, reporters, frend.
- 48. Именките што неможеме да ги определиме според полот ги ставаме во среден род. Примери: pen, book, chair, tree, room, computer, pencil, bicycle…………………… Предлози = Prepositions Предлози се зборови кои ја покажуваат врската помеѓу именката или заменката и некој друг збор или елемент во реченицата. Предлозите во англискиот јазик се делат на: Предлози за време = Prepositions for time Предлози за место = Prepositions for place Предлози за насока = Prepositions for direction Предлози за уред ,машина =Prepositions for mashine Предлози за време = Prepositions for time Предлози за време се : In, before, at , for , on, sience, to In =во
- 49. Предлогот in се користи за месеци, сезони, години ,време од денот. Примери: in august, in january in winter, in summer in 1978, in 2003 in morning,in evening on = во Предлогот on се користи за денови од неделата,за датуми, за одреден посебен ден. Примери: On Monday, on saturday On15th of March, on 16th April On my birthday At =во Предлогот аt се користи за време од часовникот, за кратко и прецизно време. Примери: At 7 o’clock, at 8 o’clock At noon, at night,
- 50. Sience = од Предлогот since се користи за одредена точка на времето. Примери: since 2003 , since 1979 for =за Предлогот for користи за некој одреден период. Примери: for 2 years ago , for 5 years ago before =пред Предлогот before се користи за некое време што било пред некое друго време. Примери: before 2004, before 2013 to = до Предлогот to се користи за кажување точно време од часовник. Примери: ten to sex (5:50), ten to five (4:50)
- 51. Предлози за место = Prepositions of place Предлози за место се: on in at on = на Предлогот on се користи за искажување површина од нешто, за покажување дел од тело. Примери: on the kitchen table, on my desk in my finger, on my face at = на(во) Предлогот at се користи искажување одредено место. Примери: at the park, at the bus stop in = на(во) Предлогот in се користи за места кои се со некоја граница физичка или виртуелна. Примери: in school, in room, in garden, in my house
- 52. Предлози за насока = Prepositions for direction Предлози за насока се: to, toward, into, through. to = во to the library, to the school into = во into the river, into the sea, toward = кон through = преку Придавки = Adjective Придавките во англискиот јазик се непроменливи зборови . Тие обично стојат пред именката или заменката и ја објаснуваат. Придавките се делат на: 1. Лични придавки = Proper adjective 2. Описни придавки = Descriptive adjective 3. Количински придавки = Quantitative adjective 4. Показни придавки = Demonstrative adjective 5. Прашални придавки = Interrogative adjective 6. Присвојни придавки = Possessive adjective 7. Неодредени (неопределени)придавки = Indefinite adjectiive 8. Дистрибутивни придавки = Distributive adjective 9. Бројни придавки = Numeral adjective
- 53. Лични придавки = Proper adjective American = Американски French = Француски Bosnian = Босански Serbian = српски ............................................................... Ваквите придавки секогаш се пишуваат со голема буква. Описни придавки = Descriptive adjective Appearance Изглед adorable adventurous aggressive alert attractive average beautiful blue-eyed bloody blushing bright Appearance Изглед glamorous gleaming gorgeous graceful grotesque handsome homely light long magnificent misty Condition Состојба alive annoying bad better beautiful brainy breakable busy careful cautious clever Condition Состојба impossible inexpensive innocent inquisitive modern mushy odd open outstanding poor powerful prickly Feelings (Bad) Чуства angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful bad bewildered black Feelings (Bad) Чуства grumpy helpless homeless hungry hurt ill itchy jealous jittery lazy
- 57. Oписни придавки за материјали = Descriptive adjective for materijals wooden = дрвена woolen = волнени cottony = памучен metallic = метални plastic = пластичен glass = стаклено iron = железно .......................................................... Количински придавки = Quantitative adjective Количински придавки се: some , much , little , enough , all , no , any ,whole some = малку , некои,неколку Some се користи за избројливи именки во множина, за неизбројливи именки во еднина, во позитивни реченици, во понуди , во барања. Some pens ,some friends Some money, some time, some water, some tea. They talked to some people. I have some money. Give me some apples.
- 58. Give him some money. Any = малку,некои,неколку Any се користи во избројливи именки во множина , во неизбројливи именки,во негативни реченици и во прашални реченици за општи прашања. Have you got any brothers or sisters? Do you know any famous people? Jane doesn't have any friends. There isn’t any milk in the fridge. Much = многу Much се користи за неизбројливи именки во еднина во позитивни,негативни и прашални реченици. Is there much milk in the fridge? Is there much food in the refrigerator? Much of our food is exported. How much fruit is there? There isn't much food in the refrigerator. He doesn’t earn much money.
- 59. Many =многу Many се користи во избријливи именки во множина во позитивни ,негативни и прашални реченици. There are many apples in this picture. How many dollars do you have? How many cups of coffee do you drink? I haven’t got many CDs. Carla does not have many friends. Whole = цел, целина Whole се користи со бројливи именки и тоа во еднина. I learned a whole lesson in ten minutes. She wrote a whole novel in two weeks. I learned the whole song in an hour. Еat soup whole day. All = сите,сето All се користи кога сакаме да кажеме вкупен број или износ на нешто, се користи за неизбројливи именки. All my friends visited me in the hospital. All the students in the class have computers. All the fruit is rotten. The baby seems to cry all the time.
- 60. Enough = доволно,доста Enough може да се користи: Со придавка = adjective She isn’t tall enough to be a ballet dancer. The car is big enough for them. Со именка = nouns enough bread enough money Со прилози = adverbs quickly enough often enough little = малку Little се користи за неизбројливи именки little time, little food little money
- 61. Показни придавки = Demonstrative adjective Показни придавки се: this, that, these, those. This (овој, ова) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е блиску. This is my car. (singular) This pencil in my hand is yellow. This is a nice cup of tea. That (oнa, оној) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е далеку. That city is busy. (singular) That house is expensive. That dog is bad. These = (овие) се користи во множина и кога е нешто блиску. These pencils are in the box. These are our children. (plural) These chocolates are delicious. (plural) Those (оние) се користи во множина и кога нешто е далеку. Those flowers are beautiful. (plural) Those are very expensive shoes. Those are really good English books .
- 62. Неодредени придавки = Indefinite Adjectives Неопределената придавка е формирана од неопределена заменка. Неопределени придавки се: any, each, few, many, most, several, and some. има, секој, неколку, многу, најмногу, неколку, а некои. Примери: There are several people in the room. Many children like dinosaurs. Did you want some bananas? You can find a state name on each quarter. Присвојни придавки = Possessive adjective my its your our his their her whose Примери: Your bike is blue. Their car is in their garage.
- 63. Прашални придавки = Interrogative adjective Прашални придавки се : What = што Which = кои Whose = чија Where = каде Who = кој How = како Примери: What program are you watching? Whose car is this? Whose shop is closed? What day is today? How are you? Where are my books? 1. Дистрибутивни придавки = Distributive adjective Дистрибутивни придавки се: each = секоја either= или every = секој neither = ниту
- 64. On either side of the canal there were long fields of barley. Every boy has one or the other pet. Neither of the tow men is trustworthy. Each girl in our class is well-versed in music. Од секоја страни на каналот имаше долги полиња јачмен. Секое момче има едно или друго милениче. . Секоја девојка во нашиот клас е добро обучена во музиката. . Бројни придавки = Numeral adjective Имаме три видиви на бројни придавки и тоа: 1. Definite Numeral Adjective (first, second, third, one, two, three….) 2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective (some, any, much, many, little, a few….) 3. ) Distributive Numeral Adjective (every, each, another, other.)
- 65. Степенување на придавките Comperative and superlative Kомперативната придавка споредува две нешта, а суперлативната придавка споредува повеќе од две нешта. Најчесто компаратив се прави со додавање на наставката -еr, a суперлатив со додавање на наставката -est long – longer – longest short – shorter – shortest bright – brighter – brightest young – younger – youngest old – older – oldest young – younger – youngest Доколку придавката завршува на -y тогаш -y се претвора во i,a потоа се додаваат наставките за суперлатив и компаратив. pretty – prettier – prettiest happy – happier - happiest
- 66. angry - angrier - angriest crazy - crazier – craziest Придавките кои имаат два или повеќе слогови не ја менуваа својата форма туку за да направиме компаратив додаваме пред придавката moreА за да направиме суперлатив додаваме пред придавката most. Beautiful - more beautiful – most beautiful Убав -поубав -најубав Некои придавки имаат различна форма во компаратив и суперлатив. good better best bad worse worst far further/farther furthest/farthest Regular Comparative Superlative sweet sweeter sweetest angry angrier angriest bright brighter brightest calm calmer calmest cold colder coldest cool cooler coolest curly curlier curliest early earlier earliest rich richer richest lovely lovelier loveliest smart smarter smartest
- 67. simple simpler simplest famous more famous most 1 Примери: Комператив: Kim is taller than Linda. They work harder than you. His house is bigger than hers. Her great-grandson is nicer than her great-granddaughter. Tim’s 19 and his brother, 17, so his brother’s younger. 2 Примери: This exam was more difficult than the other. She comes here more often than her husband. Примери: She’s prettier than her mother. George is cleverer than Norman. He’s simpler than I thought. The street was getting narrower. My job’s more tiring than yours. She gave me more than you. We need more help than you. They want more of these clementines/They want more of these. Примери: (Superlativ) He’s the cleverest person/the most clever person in the class. He’s the thinnest in his family. She’s the most beautiful girl . 7 Examples: She’s the best student in the class. You’re the worst player in the team.
- 68. Прилози = Adverbs Прилозите се зборови кои го определуваат глаголот или некој друг збор со начин,место,време (зависино од прилогот кој го пишуваме). Според значењето прилозите се делат на: Прилози за време = Adverbs for time Прилози за место = Adverbs for place Прилози за количество = Adverbs for quantitative Прилози за начин = adverbs for way Прилози за време = Adverbs for time се: When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year For how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly Кога: денес, вчера, подоцна , сега, минатата година Колку долго: цел ден, не долго, за некое време, уште од минатата година Колку често: понекогаш, често, никогаш , често, годишни Have you finished yet? Have you already mailed the package?
- 69. I am going to the shops on Monday. I'm just going to the shops. I'm going to the shops soon. to talk about the past: yesterday, the day before, ago, last week/month/year to talk about the present: still, yet, while, when to talk about the future: soon, then, next week/month/year, in 2 days, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow да се зборува за минатото: вчера, ден пред тоа , пред, минатата недела / месец / година да се зборува за сегашноста: сепак, се уште, додека, кога да се зборува за иднината: наскоро, а потоа, следната недела / месец / година, во 2 дена, утре, задутре. Прилози за место =Adverbs for place Прилози за место се: about above abroad anywhere away back backwards behind below down downstairs
- 70. east elsewhere far here in indoors inside near nearby off on out outside over there towards under up upstairs where Прилози за количество = Adverbs for quantitative, frequency Прилози за количество фреквенција се: again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, weekly. повторно, речиси, секогаш, секогаш, често, генерално, речиси никогаш, речиси, скоро секогаш , никогаш, понекогаш, често, ретко, ретко, понекогаш, два пати, обично, еднаш неделно.
- 71. Прилози за начин = adverbs for way gracefully, grimly absentmindedly, adoringly, awkwardly beautifully, briskly, brutally carefully, cheerfully, competitively eagerly, effortlessly, extravagantly: girlishly, happily, halfheartedly, hungrily lazily, lifelessly, loyally quickly, quietly, quizzically really, recklessly, remorsefully, ruthlessly savagely, sloppily, so, stylishly unabashedly, unevenly, urgently well, wishfully, worriedly Прилозите за начин најчесто се прават од придавки со додавање на наставката -lu accidentally angrily anxiously awkwardly badly beautifully blindly boldly bravely brightly случајно налутено нервозно чудно лошо најубаво слепо смело храбро светло деловито мирно внимателно безгрижно внимателно
- 72. busily calmly carefully carelessly cautiously cheerfully clearly closely correctly courageously cruelly daringly deliberately doubtfully eagerly easily elegantly enormously enthusiastically equally eventually exactly Според составот прилозите се делат : Прости прилози = forgive adverbs (now, than, fast………) Прилози изведени од придавки = Adverbs derived from adjectives(beoutifully, lasily, happily………) Сложени прилози = Complex adverbs(a great deal =многу),at present =сега.
- 73. Извици = Interjections A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck
- 74. Сврзници = Conjunctions Сврзници се зборчиња кои поврзуваат други два збора или пак две реченици. Сврзниците се делат на: 1.Допунски сврзници = Coordinative conjunctions 2.Зависни сврзници = Subordinative conjunctions 3.Колеративни сврзници =Correlative Conjunctions 1.Допунски сврзници = Coordinative conjunctions се: And But Or Nor For Yet So сврзник употреба примери and Две слични идеи He lives in Victoria, and he studies at UVic. but Две разлицни идеи John is Canadian, but Sally is English. or Алтернативни идеи I could cook some supper, or we could order a pizza. so Втората идеја резултат од првата She was sick, so she went to the doctor. nor (joining two negative alternatives) for (meaning “because”) yet (meaning “but”)
- 75. ниту пак (спојување на две негативни алтернативи) за (што значи ", бидејќи") уште (што значи "но") Зависни сврзници = Subordinative conjunctions Зависни сврзници = Subordinative conjunctions се: after although as because before even if even though if in order that once provided that rather than since so that than that though unless until when whenever where whereas wherever whether while why Колеративни сврзници = Correlative Conjunctionas either. . .or both. . . and neither. . . nor not only. . . but
- 76. also Christmas is a time not only for exchanging gifts, but also for spending time with family. The test was both very long and difficult. It was both a very long test and a difficult one. Neither Brittney nor the sisters understood why their parents said no. Either the cousins or Sasha should speak up when she disagrees. Neither the male students or Joanne hands in papers in a timely manner. The cat, purring contentedly, was neither thirsty nor hungry. You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant. Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well. Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well. Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision. Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
- 77. Заменки = Pronouns Personal pronouns = Лични заменки Demonstrative pronouns = Показни заменки Interrogative pronouns = Прашлни заменки Indefinite pronouns = Неодредени заменки Possessive pronouns = Присвојни заменки Reciprocal pronouns = Реципрочни заменки Reflexive pronouns = Повратни заменки Intensive pronouns = Интензивни заменки Relative pronouns = Релативни заменки Personal pronouns = Лични заменки I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they Them Subject pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, They, We) Object pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them)
- 78. Предмет заменки (јас, ти, тој, таа, тоа, тие, Ние) Објект заменки (јас, ти, него, неа, Таа, нас, нив) I am twenty-nine years old. You live in Barcelona. She has got a dog. He makes the bed every morning. She runs inside the house. We sing a good song at the disco. They write an e-mail to the teacher. You talk to me. I talk to you. You call him. You look at her. You eat it. Someone talks to us. Someone gave them ice cream. Demonstrative pronouns = Показни заменки This (овој, ова) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е блиску.
- 79. This is my car. (singular) This pencil in my hand is yellow. This is a nice cup of tea. That (oнa, оној) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е далеку. That city is busy. (singular) That house is expensive. That dog is bad. These = (овие) се користи во множина и кога е нешто блиску. These pencils are in the box. These are our children. (plural) These chocolates are delicious. (plural) Those (оние) се користи во множина и кога нешто е далеку. Those flowers are beautiful. (plural) Those are very expensive shoes. Those are really good English books . Interrogative pronouns = Прашлни заменки
- 80. What (за предмети) Which(за лица и предмети кога се работи за избор на нешто) Who(за лица) Whom Whose Who won the race? Whom shall we ask? Whose did they take? Which is the greater? What is that? Indefinite pronouns = Неодредени заменки Прва категорија(за неспецифична именка): anybody anyone anything everybody everyone everything nobody none no one nothing somebody someone something
- 81. Втора категорија(за определена именка) Други неодредени заменки се: Both = двете Few = неколку Many = многу Several = неколку all another any both each either few many neither one some several Another Anybody Anyone Anything Each Either Everybody Everyone Everything Neither Nobody No one Nothing One Somebody Something Someone
- 82. Еднина : another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody , no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something Множина:both, few, many, others, several Еднина и множина: all, any, more, most, none, some Примери: All are welcome to attend the concert. Mary gave the book to another. I don't have any. Does anybody have a clue? Anyone can play that game. Peter didn't see anything suspicious. Each brought a dish to pass. Everybody left town for the weekend. Everyone enjoyed the movie. Everything is taken care of. Few visited that park. Many called for information. Jennifer told nobody her secret. None came forward to claim the prize. One could see the mountains from miles away. Several signed the card. The room is too gloomy for some. Somebody called the store. Joe gave the form to someone.
- 83. Possessive pronouns = Присвојни заменки Примери: We have a dog. Our dog is very clever. Lea has a chihuahua. Her chihuahua is tiny. Sammy has a golden retriever. His golden retriever hunts ducks. My sisters are raising a poodle. Their poodle is doing calculus. I have a dachshund. My dachshund is always eating. The dog has a bed. Its/her/his bed is over there. Ours is very clever. (our dog) Hers is tiny. (her chihuahua) His is a duck hunter. (his golden retriever) Theirs is doing calculus. (their poodle) Mine is always eating. (my dachshund) Its/Hers/His is over there. (its bed) Subject Possessive Pronouns I Mine ---мое You Yours ----твое He His ---негово She Hers ----нејзино It Its -----негово We Ours ------нашо You (pl) Yours -----вашо They Theirs -----нивно
- 84. Reciprocal pronouns = Реципрочни заменки each other = eдни со други one another = едни на други Примери: Peter and Paul admire each other. Allie and Jerry loathe each other. The sisters were hugging one another. The gangsters were fighting one another. each other = се користи кога имаме 2 нешта. one another = се користи кога имаме 3 или повеке нешта. Reflexive pronouns = Повратни заменки I like myself. He spoke to himself. She thumped herself. The dog bit itself. reflexive pronoun singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself plural ourselves yourselves themselves
- 85. I made myself a sandwich.(рефлексивна заменка) I made a sandwich for the President himself.(интензивна заменка) I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.(рефлексивна заменка) I myself am sick of the heat.(интензивна заменка) Intensive pronouns = Интензивни заменки myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. I bought myself a car. = reflexive pronoun I bought the car myself. = intensive pronoun He cut himself. = reflexive pronoun He cut his hair himself. = intensive pronoun Relative pronouns = Релативни заменки that, which, whom, who, whoever, whomever and whichever тоа, што, кого, кој, кој, кого и во зависност од who, whom (се употребува за лица) which ( се употребува за предмети) which ( се употребува за лица и предмети)
- 86. whose (за поседување) Примери: Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy. This is the book that everyone is talking about. She wrote to the person whom she had met last month. We didn’t bring the receipt, which was a big mistake. I have a friend whose cat is annoying. People who are clever can always find a way. Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular. Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. This is the man who helped us. Функција во реценица луге предмети место време Subject who, that which, that Object (that, who, whom) (which, that) where when Possessive whose whose, of which I cannot believe that he said it. He who laughs last laughs best. The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
- 87. Член = The article Во англискиот јазик постојат два вида на членови и тоа: Одреден член ----- the Неодреден член------ a , an Одредениот член the се користи кога зборуваме за одредено лице,предмет или поим. The man, the woman, the house………………… Неодредениот член a се користи кога именката започнува со согласка. a book, a boy, a pen……………………….. Неодредениот член an се користи кога именката започнува со самогласка. an apple, an umbrella, an orange, an elephant………….. Please close the door. The cat sat on the couch. I am a journalist.
- 88. Глаголи = verbs Глаголите во англискиот јазик се поделени на: Помошни глаголи = Auxiliory verbs Безлични глаголи = Impersonal verbs Непотполни глаголи = Defective verbs Правилни глаголи = Regular verbs Неправилни глаголи = Irregular verbs Преодни глаголи = Transative verbs Непреодни глаголи = Intpansitive verbs Повратни глаголи = Reflexive verbs Повеќе зборовни = Multi vords verbs Модални глаголи = Modals verbs Помошни глаголи = Auxiliory verbs Помошни глаголи се: Be = сум Do = прави Have = има
- 89. VERB TO DO Question Positive Statement (spoken) Negative Statement (spoken) Singular Do I? I do I do not (I don't) Do you? You do You do not (You don't) Does he/she/it? He/she/it does He/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't) Plural Do we? We do We do not (We don't) Do you? You do You do not (You don't) Do they? They do They do not (They don't)
- 90. VERB TO HAVE Question Positive Statement (spoken) Negative Statement (spoken) Singular Have I? I have (I've) I have not (I haven't/I've not) Have you? You have (You've) You have not (You haven't/You've not) Has he/she/it? He/she/it has (He/she/it 's) He/she/it has not (He/she/it hasn't) Plural Have we? We have (We've) We have not (We haven't/We've not) Have you? You have (You've) You have not (You haven't/You've not) Have they? They have (They've) They have not (They haven't/They've not) I am a teacher. Am I a teacher? "Is this your coat" TO BE John is angry. I have a job. I have a car. TO HAVE Do you have a car? He has a new guitar. TO DO се употребува
- 91. I do not know the truth. во негативни и прашални Did he finish his homework? Реченици. Безлични глаголи = Impersonal verbs (1) It rains. Врне. (2) It is cold. Студено. (3) It is growing dark. Се стемнува. (4) It seems . (5) It is unclear. (6) It is snowing. Снег. It thunders. Грми. Ваквите глаголи се употребуваат само ви трето лице еднина ,најчесто ја објаснуваат временската состојба во природата. Непотполни глаголи = Defective verbs bevare Can ,can’t Could , couldn’t May ,mayn’t Might, mightn’t Must , musn’t oughtn’t
- 92. Правилни глаголи = Regular verbs BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE Accept Accepted Accepted Achieve Achieved Achieved Add Added Added Admire Admired Admirer Admit Admitted Admitted Adopt Adopted Adopted Advise Advised Advised Agree Agreed Agreed Allow Allowed Allowed Announce Announced Announced Appreciate Appreciated Appreciated Approve Approved Approved Argue Argued Argued Arrive Arrived Arrived Ask Asked Asked Assist Assisted Assisted Attack Attacked Attacked Bake Baked Baked Beg Begged Begged Behave Behaved Behaved Boil Boiled Boiled Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Brush Brushed Brushed Bury Buried Buried Call Called Called Challenge Challenged Challenged Change Changed Changed Chase Chased Chased Cheat Cheated Cheated Cheer Cheered Cheered Chew Chewed Chewed Clap Clapped Clapped
- 93. Clean Cleaned Cleaned Collect Collected Collected Compare Compared Compared Complain Complained Complained Confess Confessed Confessed Construct Constructed Constructed Control Controlled Controlled Copy Copied Copied Count Counted Counted Create Created Created Cry Cried Cried Cycle Cycled Cycled Damage Damaged Damaged Dance Danced Danced Deliver Delivered Delivered Destroy Destroyed Destroyed Divide Divided Divided Drag Dragged Dragged Earn Earned Earned Employ Employed Employed Encourage Encouraged Encouraged Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Establish Established Established Estimate Estimated Estimated Exercise Exercised Exercised Expand Expanded Expanded Explain Explained Explained Fry Fried Fried Gather Gathered Gathered Greet Greeted Greeted Guess Guessed Guessed Harass Harassed Harassed Hate Hated Hated Help Helped Helped Hope Hoped Hoped Identify Identified Identified
- 94. Interrupt Interrupted Interrupted Introduce Introduced Introduced Irritate Irritated Irritated Joke Joked Joked Jump Jumped Jumped Kick Kicked Kicked Kill Killed Killed Kiss Kissed Kissed Laugh Laughed Laughed Lie Lied Lied Like Liked Liked Listen Listened Listened Love Loved Loved Marry Married Married Measure Measured Measured Move Moved Moved Murder Murdered Murdered Need Needed Needed Obey Obeyed Obeyed Offend Offended Offended Offer Offered Offered Open Opened Opened Paint Painted Painted Park Parked Parked Phone Phoned Phoned Pick Picked Picked Play Played Played Pray Prayed Prayed Print Printed Printed Pull Pulled Puled Punch Punched Punched Punish Punished Punished Purchase Purchased Purchased Push Pushed Pushed Question Questioned Questioned Race Raced Raced
- 95. Relax Relaxed Relaxed Remember Remembered Remembered Reply Replied Replied Retire Retired Retired Return Returned Returned Rub Rubbed Rubbed Scold Scolded Scolded Select Selected Selected Smoke Smoked Smoked Snore Snored Snored Stare Stared Stared Start Started Started Study Studied Studied Talk Talked Talked Thank Thanked Thanked Travel Travelled Travelled Trouble Troubled Troubled Type Typed Typed Use Used Used Visit Visited Visited Wait Waited Waited Walk Walked Walked Want Wanted Wanted Warn Warned Warned Wink Winked Winked Worry Worried Worried Yell Yelled Yelled
- 96. Неправилни глаголи = Irregular verbs Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drink arose awoke was, were bore beat became began bent bet bit bled blew broke brought built burned or burnt burst bought caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived or dove did drew dreamed or dreamt drank arisen awoken been borne beaten or beat become begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought built burned or burnt burst bought caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamed or dreamt drunk
- 97. drive eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forget forgive forgo freeze get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead leap leave drove ate fell fed felt fought found fit, fitted fled flung flew forbade or forbad forgot forgave forwent froze got gave went ground grew hung or hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit knew laid led leapt or leaped left driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit, fitted fled flung flown, forbidden or forbade forgotten forgiven forgone frozen gotten or got given gone ground grown hung or hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit known laid led leapt or leaped left
- 98. lend let lie (down) light lose make mean meet pay prove put quit read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit lent let lay lit or lighted lost made meant met paid proved put quit read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shone or shined shot showed shrank or shrunk shut sang sank sat lent let lain lit or lighted lost made meant met paid proved or proven put quit read ridden rung risen run sawed or sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn or sewed shaken shaved or shaven sheared or shorn shone or shined shot shown or showed shrunk or shrunken shut sung sunk sat
- 99. slay sleep slide sneak speak speed spend spill spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew strike strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw undergo understand upset wake slew slept slid sneaked or snuck spoke sped spent spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank or stunk strewed struck strove or strived swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived or throve threw underwent understood upset woke or waked slain slept slid sneaked or snuck spoken sped spent spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn struck or stricken striven or strived sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived or thriven thrown undergone understood upset woken or waked
- 100. wear weave weep win wind withdraw wring write wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written Преодни глаголи = Transative verbs Преодни глаголи се оние глаголи со кои стои објект кој ја врши работата од глаголот. bring Please bring me a glass of water. buy Do not buy hamburgers at that restaurant. cost My coat cost a lot of money. get My children get good grades in school. give Our family gives gifts at Christmas. leave I leave home at 8:00 in the morning. lend Could you please lend me five dollars? make
- 101. Did you make coffee this morning? offer My boss offered me a great new job. owe I owe you ten dollars. pass All the students passed the test. pay Don't forget to pay the phone bill. play Jennifer loves playing the piano. promise She promised me she would come to the party. read They read the newspaper every day. refuse The customs officers refused to let me enter the country. send My girlfriend sends me an e-mail message every day. show My neighbour showed me her garden yesterday. sing Muriel sings songs at karaoke every Sunday night. take Travellers take planes or trains to their destinations. teach Our parents teach us to be kind. tell The author tells a good story.
- 102. write Tommy writes short stories about the South. Непреодни глаголи = Intpansitive verbs Непреодни глаголи се оние глаголи со кои неможе да стои објект и не стои. I laughed. I cried. The book fell. The horse galloped. The sun set. She smiles. agree appear arrive become belong collapse consist of cost depend die disappear emerge exist fall go happen have inquire knock laugh lie live look last occur remain respond rise sit sleep stand stay swim vanish wake wait
- 103. Повратни глаголи = Reflexive verbs Повратни глаголи се оние глаголи кај кои работата се враќа на субјектот.Со ваквите глаголи стојат повратните заменки. Reflexive pronouns: MYSELF . . . HIMSELF . . . HERSELF . . . OURSELVES . . . ITSELF . . . THEMSELVES . I am teaching myself to play the piano. You might cut yourself. I taught myself to play the guitar. My cat always licks itself. I dress myself every morning. Повеќе зборовни = Multi vords verbs Повеќе зборовните глаголи се делат на : Phrashal verbs Prepositional verbs Separable phrasal verbs Phrasal prepositional verbs Phrashal verbs Овие глаголи се составени од глагол + прилог ==down,In, into, off,on, out,up. Овие глаголи можат да бидат:
- 104. Intransitive phrashal verbs (get up, break down…….) да немаат директен објект. He suddenly showed up. break down come over dress up drop by eat out fall through get by get up go back grow up pass out show up shut up throw up Transitive phrashal verbs (put off, turn down……….) да имаат директен објект. I made up the story. Prepositional verbs Овие глаголи се составени од глагол + предлог (in, for,after.........) wait for talk about look after believe in He sent for his secretary.
- 105. Separable phrasal verbs Овие повеќезборовни глаголи во реченицата се разделуваат. Turn the TV off. She looked the phone number up. I looked the word up in the dictionary. Inseparable phrasal verbs Oвие повеќезборовни глаголи неможат да се разделуваат во реченицата. get up make up look into back out of Phrasal Verb Separable or Inseparable Meaning Ask out Separable To ask someone to go out on a date. Bring about, bring on Separable To make something happen Bring up Separable 1) To raise children 2) To raise a topic Call back Separable Return someone's telephone call Call in Separable Ask someone into an official place or office Call off Separable Cancel Call on Inseparable 1) Ask someone to do something 2) Visit
- 106. Call up Separable Call someone on the telephone catch up Inseparable To become equal or reach the same level Check in, check into Inseparable Register at a hotel or travel counter Check out Inseparable Leave a hotel Check out of Inseparable Leave a hotel Cheer up Separable Make someone happy Clean up Separable Tidy, make clean Come across Inseparable To find Cross out Separable Eliminate Cut out Separable Remove something or stop doing something annoying Do over Separable Repeat Drop by Inseparable Visit unexpectedly Drop in Inseparable Visit unexpectedly Drop off Separable Leave something somewhere Drop out Inseparable Stop attending a class Figure out Separable Understand Fill out Separable Complete a form Fill in Separable Complete spaces on a form Get along with Inseparable Have a good relationship with Get back from 1) Inseparable 2) Separable 1) Return from somewhere 2) Receive something originally lent to another person Get in Inseparable Enter Get off Inseparable Leave a bus, train, airplane Get on Inseparable Enter a bus, train, airplane
- 107. Get out of Inseparable Leave a car Get over Inseparable Recover Get through Inseparable Survive Get up Inseparable Stand up Give back Separable Return Give up Separable Stop trying Go over Inseparable Review Grow up Inseparable Become an adult Hand in Separable Give an assignment or project to a teacher Hang up Separable Replace the telephone in the receiver Have on Separable Wear Keep out Separable Not enter Keep up with Inseparable Stay at the same level Kick out Separable Ask to leave Look after Inseparable Take care of Look into Inseparable Investigate Look out for Inseparable Watch for Look over Separable Review Look up Separable Try to find information Make up Separable Invent Pass away Inseparable Die Pass out 1) Inseparable 2) Separable 1) Faint 2) Distribute Pick up Separable Lift Pick out Separable Choose
- 108. Point out Separable Identify Put away Separable Put in the proper place Put back Separable Return Put off Separable Delay Put on Separable Get dressed or dress someone Put out Separable Extinguish Put up with Inseparable Tolerate Run into Inseparable Find or meet Run across Inseparable Find or meet Run out of Inseparable Come to the end of something Show up Inseparable Appear Show off Separable Demonstrate something of envy Shut off Separable Stop something from running Take after Inseparable Be like someone Take off Separable Remove Take out Separable 1) Remove 2) Go on a date with someone Take over Separable Take control Take up Inseparable Begin Tear down Separable Demolish or destroy Tear up Separable Rip into pieces Think over Separable Consider, ponder Throw away Separable Discard Throw out Separable Discard Throw up Inseparable Vomit Try on Separable Test
- 109. Turn down Separable Reduce Turn in Separable Go to bed Turn off Separable Stop a machine Turn on Separable Start a machine Turn out Separable Put out a light Turn up Separable Increase Phrasal prepositional verbs Овие глаголи се составени од глагол +прилог+предлог.Овие се inseparable ( неделиви). phrasal- prepositional verbs meaning examples direct object get on with have a friendly relationship with He doesn't get on with his wife. put up with tolerate I won't put up with your attitude. look forward to anticipate with pleasure I look forward to seeing you. run out of use up, exhaust We have run out of eggs.
- 110. Модални глаголи = Modals verbs Модални глаголи се: can could may might will would must shall should ought to Can =може (I,you,he,she,we,you,they ) + Can + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме да искажеме способност: I can make jewelry. Can’t speak French. Can you open this jar? I can speak Chinese. Го употребуваме за барање дозвола: Can I use your bathroom? Can I come with you? I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.
- 111. Го употребуваме за давање предлози за нешто: You can take this spot if you like. You can do whatever you want. Could = можев(минато време од can) (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Could + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме да искажеме способност што некој ја имал во минатото. I could swim when I was young. You could see the boat sinking. They could tell he was nervous. Да искаже можност: John could be the one who stole the money. John could have been the one who stole the money. John could go to jail for stealing the money. Could it be true? May = може (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + May + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме кога бараме формално одобрение: May I come in?
- 112. May I say something now? May I ask one question? Го употребуваме за предложување нешто што е можно: She may agree with this plan. They may not be happy about what happened. It may shower tonight. Might (МИНАТО ВРЕМЕ ОД MAY) (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Might + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме за искажување помала можност: She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems. I might go see a doctor. The store might have been closed today. Must = мора (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + must + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме да искажеме нешто што е потребно: You must answer my question right now. I must complete the project by this week. You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles. I must stop smoking. Се користи за нешто што не е многу веројатно:
- 113. She must be very tired. He must be a genius. Искажување обврска: He must go today. They must work tomorrow. Will = ќе (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Will + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме за искажување работа за во иднина или предвидување: It will rain tomorrow. The news will spread soon. Would = би ( минато време од will) Се користи за известување на она што некој кажува или мисли. He said he would be here at eight o'clock She asked if I would help. За понуди или покани: Would you like a sandwich? Would you have dinner with me on Friday.
- 114. When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach. When he was young, he would always do his homework. Shall = ќе (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Shall + основа од глагол......... Се употребува за давање предлози: Shall I help you? Shall we begin dinner? Се употребува за давање ветувања: I shall never forget where I came from. I shall take care of everything for you. Се употребува за поставување прашања: Shall we dance? Shall I go now? Should = треба,мора Present (subject +should +oснова на глагол) She should study more. Past (subject +should +have + past participle од глагол)
- 115. She should have studied more. Го употребуваме за препораки: You should save some money. . People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. Го употребуваме за искажување обврска I should be at work before 10:00. We should return the video before the video rental store closes. Is should get back to work. Го употребуваме за давање совети: You should eat less sugar. ought to = треба да Се употребува за давање препораки You ought to stop smoking. Мary ought to exercise more. You ought to wear a raincoat. Се употребува да се искаже веројатност за нешто. If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now. That ought to be enough food for the four of us.
- 116. Oughtn't the water to have boiled by now? Модални глаголи што изразуваат способност: Modal verbs to express ability present past can We use can when we speak about general ability in the present: Tommy can swim. I can play the guitar. Can you play? could We use could when we speak about general ability in the past: Picasso could paint when he was two. I could swim before I could walk. The negative of can is can't (cannot): I can't ski and I can't skate. The negative of could is couldn't (could not): I couldn't swim until I was ten. Specific situations - can We also use can to speak about specific situations in the present: I can hear you but I can't see you. Can you hear me? - Yes, I can. Specific situations - was able to / could We often use was able to when speaking about a specific situation: We fixed the car and then we were able to drive home. However, we prefer could to speak about a specific situation in the past when we use these verbs: see, hear, feel, smell,
- 117. taste, remember, believe, understand, decide. They could smell smoke. I could understand him perfectly. Questions about ability - present How many languages can you speak? Can you name all the capitals of Europe? Questions about ability - past Could you write before you started school? Could you ride a bike when you were small? Модални глаголи што изразуваат дозвола: Modal verbs to express asking for, giving, and refusing permission present or future past tense Giving permission: can We use can when we give someone permission to do something: You can bring a friend to the party if you want. You can borrow my phone if your battery is dead. We also use may for permission. May is more formal and is used less often than can: Passengers may take one small bag on board the plane. Permission in the past: could, was allowed to We use could to say that something was permitted in the past: Many years ago you could smoke in cinemas, but now it's banned. We can also use was/were allowed to: We had to wear a tie at school but we were allowed to take it off in hot weather.
- 118. Saying "no" - refusing permission We use can't to say that something isn't permitted: You can't park here - it's private property. He can't drive my car; he doesn't have insurance. Must not / mustn't is also used, but is more formal and is often used on signs and in announcements: Passengers must not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion. We use couldn't / wasn't allowed to to say that something was not permitted in the past: We couldn't cross the border without our passports. Asking for permission can, could, may We use can I? / could I / may I? to ask for permission: Can I speak to John Wilson, please? Could is more formal and polite than can: Could I speak to John Wilson, please? May is the most formal: May I speak to John Wilson, please? Questions about permission in the past was allowed to? / could? Were you allowed to stay up late when you were a child? Could you stay up late when you were a child? Could people travel between East and West Berlin during the Cold War?
- 119. Модални глаголи за изразување веројатност и сигурност: Present tense =сегашно време Must / can't - to express probability in the present Structure: modal + infinitive without to must be, must have, can't go, etc. We use must to express that we feel sure that something is true. They are really good, they must win. They must be very rich. Look at the house. We use can't to say we are sure that something is impossible. She can't be ill. I've just seen her in the shop and she looked fine. It can't be true. I don't believe it. May / might / could - to express probability in the present Structure: modal + infinitive without to may be, might do, could go, etc. We use may or could or might to say that it is possible that something will happen or is happening. They may be arriving tomorrow. He might be away on holiday. He could be away on holiday. He might be offered the job. The negative of may is may not. The negative of might is might not. They both mean that it is possible He might not be offered the job. I may not pass the exam. I might not go to the match tomorrow. I go to the match tomorrow.
- 120. that something will not happen or is not happening. We DO NOT use could not to express probability. Past tense = минато време Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past Structure: modal + have + past participle must have been, can't have gone, couldn't have gone We use must have to express that we feel sure that something was true. They must have left early. He must have already gone. We use can't have / couldn't have to say that we believe something was impossible. He can't have escaped through this window. It is too small. She can't have said that. She couldn't have said that. May / might / could have - to express probability in the past Structure: modal + have + past participle may have been, could have gone, might have lost We use may / could / might have to say that it was possible that something happened in the past (but we are not 100% sure). He may have missed the bus. The road might have been blocked. The negatives are may not have and might not have. He may not have left yet. The assistant might not have received his message.
- 121. Модални глаголи за изразување обврска: Should - to express obligation Structure: should + infinitive form of a verb: should be, should go, should do, etc. We use should for the present and the future. We use should to give advice to someone and to say that something is a good idea. Should is weaker than have to and must. You should tell them the truth. You shouldn't smoke, it's bad for you. I don't think you should do it. Should have - to express unfulfilled obligation in the past Structure: should + have + past participle We use should have for the past. We use should have to say that someone didn't do something but it would have been better to do it. You should have told them the truth. You shouldn't have gone there - it was a mistake. I don't think you should have done it.
- 122. Модални глаголи - минато време и негативна форма: Modal verbs in the past present past should be should have been could be could have been will be would be may be may have been might be might have been would be would have been Modal verbs - negative forms positive negative can (used for possibility) It can happen; everything's can't / can not
- 123. possible. It can't happen; it's impossible. can (used for permission) Can I smoke here? - Yes, you can. can't / cannot / mustn't You can't smoke here. You mustn't smoke here. can (used for ability) I can play the guitar. can't / cannot I can't play the guitar. must / have to / has to (used for obligation) You must be there at 8 o'clock. You have to be there at 8 o'clock. don't have to / needn't You don't have to be there at 8 o'clock. You needn't be there at 8 o'clock. must (used for personal opinion, certainty) He must be here - I can see his car. can't He can't be here - his car's not outside. might / may (used for personal opinion, certainty) He might/may be late today - there's a lot of traffic on the roads. may not / might not He might/may not get here on time - there's a lot of traffic on the roads. should (used for weak obligation / advice) You should stop smoking shouldn't You shouldn't smoke so much - it's unhealthy. You shouldn't