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Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion             Conclusions




       Analysis of Trust-Based Approaches for Web
                     Service Selection

                     Nicola Dragoni                        Nicola Miotto         Davide Papini

       Department of Informatics and Mathematical Modelling Technical University of Denmark


   NODES 2011 - 5th Nordic Workshop on Dependability and Security
                           28 June 2011




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection        28 June 2011   1 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions




Outline
 1     Introduction
          Service Oriented Computing
 2     State of the art
          Classification
 3     Discussion
          Pluses & Minuses
               Direct Experience
               TTP
               Hybrid
               Automated Trust Negotiation
         Questions & Issues
         Soft trust VS Hard trust
 4     Conclusions
         Soft trust + Hard trust
         Steps

Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   2 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions




                                            Introduction




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   3 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions


Service Oriented Computing

The SOC vision




         Service oriented architecture to improve code reuse and
         integration
         Web Services: the bricks
         Brought to its full potential: automatic discovery and composition
         of web services




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   4 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions


Service Oriented Computing

VTA Scenario



         Alice has to develop a Virtual Tourism Agency
         Development by service composition:
                flight booking
                car rent
                accommodation booking
                e-payment
         Several flight booking services found...

WS Trustworthiness
Which one can be trusted?



Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   5 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions




                                    State of the art




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   6 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions


Classification

Classes




                       Figure: Current approaches for trust provisioning




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   7 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions


Classification

Centralized vs Distributed


Centralized
   Trust score owned and provided by a central authority.
         Can’t be good for everyone
         Single point of failure
         hard to maintain (great scalability demand in SOA)
         not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.

Distributed
    Trust score computed with the help of other peers in the system
         Specific issues for each kind of system


Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   8 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion            Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses




               Pluses & Minuses of current
                       approaches




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011   9 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Direct Experience


Definition
A service consumer trusts a service because of his good past
experience with the service.

         + User fitting score → the trust score (derived by the user) is
         perfectly fitting with his needs
         - Blind execution → The consumer has to unconditionally trust the
         web service in order to use/evaluate it.
               SOA = open system where everyone can publish its
               (malicious) code
         - Otherwise he has to unconditionally distrust and discard it (even
         if it was actually good)

Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    10 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    11 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Social

Definition
The trust score of a service/provider is community-driven.

3 classes:
         Reputation: A service consumer trusts a service because of his
         good reputation → reputation derived from direct experience of
         the members of the community
         Recommendation: A service consumer trusts a service because
         of some recommendations obtained by a trusted authority →
         recommendation score mined from knowledge of user,
         community and dominium.
         Referrals: A service consumer trusts a service because of some
         referrals obtained from trusted software agents → rating likely to
         be honest.
Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    12 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Social




Shared features:
         + Pre-use trust score → there are chances to obtain a trust score
         before using a WS
         - Community Dependent
         - New WS Ramp-up




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    13 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    14 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    14 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    14 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Social

Specific features:
         Reputation
            - most of the suggested approaches are centralized




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    15 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    16 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?
         Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box
         computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    16 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Social

Specific features:
         Reputation
            - most of the suggested approaches are centralized
         Recommendation
            + trust score fitting to the user profile and behaviour;
            - either the user has to disclose (maybe) sensitive
            informations or new user ramp-up issue;
            - most of the approaches are centralized;




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    17 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main Issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?
         Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box
         computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    18 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main Issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?
         Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box
         computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.
         New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a
         long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive
         fitting suggestions.


Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    18 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Social



Specific features:
         Reputation
            - most of the suggested approaches are centralized
         Recommendation
            + trust score fitting to the user profile and behaviour;
            - either the user has to disclose (maybe) sensitive
            informations or new user ramp-up issue;
            - most of the approaches are centralized;
         Referrals
             + rates coming from trusted peers;



Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    19 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Matchmaker




Matchmaker
A service consumer trusts a service because a trusted
(central/distributed) matchmaker states that the service’s policy
matches the consumer’s ones.

         + Pre-use trust score
         + User-fitting suggestions
         + Liar-recognition provided by some studies




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    20 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

TTP - Matchmaker




         - Hard to setup → Both consumer and provider need to register to
         matchmaker
         - Those ones based on a Centralized architecture suffer of all the
         drawbacks of centralized systems → Both provider and consumer
         has to disclose their policies to a central authority
         - Those based on a Distributed architecture demand the consumer
         to trust an agent instead of a service (problem moved, not solved)




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    21 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?
         Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box
         computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.
         New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a
         long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive
         fitting suggestions.



Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    22 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?
         Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box
         computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.
         New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a
         long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive
         fitting suggestions.
         Hard Setup: an approach can be good but really difficult to install
         in the real world, making it less incisive.
Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    22 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Hybrid - Socio Cognitive

Socio-Cognitive
The degree of trust is a function of the subjective certainty of the
pertinent beliefs. Therefore, A service consumer trusts a service
because of some of its subjective beliefs.

Multi-Agent System where sources of subjective beliefs are direct
experience, reputation, categorization, reasoning
         + Accurate trust computation
         + User-fitting suggestions
         - it inherits all the shortcomings deriving from the adopted belief
         source
         - agents has to be conforming to a model to communicate → hard
         to setup
Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    23 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Hybrid - Trust & Reputation


Trust & Reputation
A system providing for a trustworthiness score employing
methodologies based on both reputation and trust, in order to improve
some weaknesses of the constituent methodologies.

         + some methodologies provide liars recognition
         + pre-use trust score
         + some sort of result can be obtained even with poor community
         or brand new service
         - effectiveness still tightly connected to community quality and web
         services “age”
         - centralized

Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    24 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Hybrid - Direct experience & Reputation




Direct Experience & Reputation
The trust towards a service is evaluated by means of the user direct
experience combined with the service reputation.

Trust based on agent direct experience or other agent direct
experience (reputation)
         + issues of constituent models mitigated
         - new web service ramp-up issue
         - community dependent




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    25 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Pluses & Minuses

Automated Trust Negotiation

Credential-Based Trust
A service consumer and a service provider mutually trust each other
because the access control policy of the requested service is
compliant with the access control policy of the service consumer.

MUTUAL TRUST between service consumer and provider
         + user defined policies bring to a user fitting trust score
         + trust can ALWAYS be computed
         - hard to setup
         - no standard protocol or language defined
         - current studies not fully “web service aware”
              WS treated as a single operation
              Trust “Keep alive” not supported
Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    26 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues




                           Questions & Issues




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    27 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?
    2    Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive
         informations?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?
    2    Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive
         informations?
    3    Can the user know how the trust is calculated?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?
    2    Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive
         informations?
    3    Can the user know how the trust is calculated?
    4    How does the community influence the trust score?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?
    2    Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive
         informations?
    3    Can the user know how the trust is calculated?
    4    How does the community influence the trust score?
    5    Does the user has to unconditionally trust/distrust certain
         services?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?
    2    Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive
         informations?
    3    Can the user know how the trust is calculated?
    4    How does the community influence the trust score?
    5    Does the user has to unconditionally trust/distrust certain
         services?
    6    What is the trustworthiness of a brand new WS?




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Questions



    1    How does the trust score fit the user needs?
    2    Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive
         informations?
    3    Can the user know how the trust is calculated?
    4    How does the community influence the trust score?
    5    Does the user has to unconditionally trust/distrust certain
         services?
    6    What is the trustworthiness of a brand new WS?
    7    How hard is the trust provisioning infrastructure to setup and
         maintain?


Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    28 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Questions & Issues

Main issues

         Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it
         or leave it” approach for some services.
         New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service
         joining the network?
         Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation
         always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to
         bootstrap a good community?
         Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box
         computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA.
         New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a
         long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive
         fitting suggestions.
         Hard Setup: an approach can be good but really difficult to install
         in the real world, making it less incisive.
Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    29 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Soft trust VS Hard trust




                      Soft trust VS Hard trust




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    30 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Soft trust VS Hard trust

Soft Trust




         Participants in a market collaborate each other in sharing
         informations on other participants or services.
         Malicious user can be identified and consequently put aside
         The vast majority of the analyzed approaches (community
         dependent) are based on “Soft trust”
         Main issue: if someone does not take the risk of invoking an
         unknown service for the first time, then no one will be able to
         decide about the trustworthiness of the service before its
         invocation




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    31 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Soft trust VS Hard trust

Hard Trust




         Trustworthiness of a WS could be derived just from the a
         non-functional contract
         Semantic of a WS is taken into account (i.e. security behaviour)
         Not dependent on the “social control philosophy”
         Main issue: no fault-recognition provided, i.e. anyone can provide
         fake/wrong contract/policies




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    32 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions




                                           Conclusions




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    33 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Soft trust + Hard trust

Soft trust + Hard trust




Hybrid system turned to be generally improving constituent methods:
Hard trust + Soft trust =
         ALWAYS possible to obtain a trust value for discovered Web
         Services
         Malicious users/services bypassing the trust system are put aside
         from the community




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    34 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Steps

Steps




    1    define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are
         still confused to date




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    35 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Steps

Steps




    1    define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are
         still confused to date
    2    combine hard trust and soft trust methodologies in a unified
         framework




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    35 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Steps

Steps




    1    define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are
         still confused to date
    2    combine hard trust and soft trust methodologies in a unified
         framework
    3    adapt them to a Service Oriented Computing environment




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    35 / 35
Introduction                            State of the art                      Discussion              Conclusions


Steps

Steps




    1    define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are
         still confused to date
    2    combine hard trust and soft trust methodologies in a unified
         framework
    3    adapt them to a Service Oriented Computing environment

   Alice will be finally able to safely choose where to book a flight
                           when she needs it.




Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU)        Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection       28 June 2011    35 / 35

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Analysis of Trust-Based Approaches for Web Service Selection

  • 1. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Analysis of Trust-Based Approaches for Web Service Selection Nicola Dragoni Nicola Miotto Davide Papini Department of Informatics and Mathematical Modelling Technical University of Denmark NODES 2011 - 5th Nordic Workshop on Dependability and Security 28 June 2011 Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 1 / 35
  • 2. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Outline 1 Introduction Service Oriented Computing 2 State of the art Classification 3 Discussion Pluses & Minuses Direct Experience TTP Hybrid Automated Trust Negotiation Questions & Issues Soft trust VS Hard trust 4 Conclusions Soft trust + Hard trust Steps Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 2 / 35
  • 3. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Introduction Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 3 / 35
  • 4. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Service Oriented Computing The SOC vision Service oriented architecture to improve code reuse and integration Web Services: the bricks Brought to its full potential: automatic discovery and composition of web services Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 4 / 35
  • 5. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Service Oriented Computing VTA Scenario Alice has to develop a Virtual Tourism Agency Development by service composition: flight booking car rent accommodation booking e-payment Several flight booking services found... WS Trustworthiness Which one can be trusted? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 5 / 35
  • 6. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions State of the art Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 6 / 35
  • 7. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Classification Classes Figure: Current approaches for trust provisioning Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 7 / 35
  • 8. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Classification Centralized vs Distributed Centralized Trust score owned and provided by a central authority. Can’t be good for everyone Single point of failure hard to maintain (great scalability demand in SOA) not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. Distributed Trust score computed with the help of other peers in the system Specific issues for each kind of system Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 8 / 35
  • 9. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Pluses & Minuses of current approaches Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 9 / 35
  • 10. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Direct Experience Definition A service consumer trusts a service because of his good past experience with the service. + User fitting score → the trust score (derived by the user) is perfectly fitting with his needs - Blind execution → The consumer has to unconditionally trust the web service in order to use/evaluate it. SOA = open system where everyone can publish its (malicious) code - Otherwise he has to unconditionally distrust and discard it (even if it was actually good) Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 10 / 35
  • 11. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 11 / 35
  • 12. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Social Definition The trust score of a service/provider is community-driven. 3 classes: Reputation: A service consumer trusts a service because of his good reputation → reputation derived from direct experience of the members of the community Recommendation: A service consumer trusts a service because of some recommendations obtained by a trusted authority → recommendation score mined from knowledge of user, community and dominium. Referrals: A service consumer trusts a service because of some referrals obtained from trusted software agents → rating likely to be honest. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 12 / 35
  • 13. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Social Shared features: + Pre-use trust score → there are chances to obtain a trust score before using a WS - Community Dependent - New WS Ramp-up Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 13 / 35
  • 14. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 14 / 35
  • 15. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 14 / 35
  • 16. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 14 / 35
  • 17. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Social Specific features: Reputation - most of the suggested approaches are centralized Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 15 / 35
  • 18. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 16 / 35
  • 19. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 16 / 35
  • 20. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Social Specific features: Reputation - most of the suggested approaches are centralized Recommendation + trust score fitting to the user profile and behaviour; - either the user has to disclose (maybe) sensitive informations or new user ramp-up issue; - most of the approaches are centralized; Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 17 / 35
  • 21. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main Issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 18 / 35
  • 22. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main Issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive fitting suggestions. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 18 / 35
  • 23. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Social Specific features: Reputation - most of the suggested approaches are centralized Recommendation + trust score fitting to the user profile and behaviour; - either the user has to disclose (maybe) sensitive informations or new user ramp-up issue; - most of the approaches are centralized; Referrals + rates coming from trusted peers; Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 19 / 35
  • 24. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Matchmaker Matchmaker A service consumer trusts a service because a trusted (central/distributed) matchmaker states that the service’s policy matches the consumer’s ones. + Pre-use trust score + User-fitting suggestions + Liar-recognition provided by some studies Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 20 / 35
  • 25. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses TTP - Matchmaker - Hard to setup → Both consumer and provider need to register to matchmaker - Those ones based on a Centralized architecture suffer of all the drawbacks of centralized systems → Both provider and consumer has to disclose their policies to a central authority - Those based on a Distributed architecture demand the consumer to trust an agent instead of a service (problem moved, not solved) Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 21 / 35
  • 26. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive fitting suggestions. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 22 / 35
  • 27. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive fitting suggestions. Hard Setup: an approach can be good but really difficult to install in the real world, making it less incisive. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 22 / 35
  • 28. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Hybrid - Socio Cognitive Socio-Cognitive The degree of trust is a function of the subjective certainty of the pertinent beliefs. Therefore, A service consumer trusts a service because of some of its subjective beliefs. Multi-Agent System where sources of subjective beliefs are direct experience, reputation, categorization, reasoning + Accurate trust computation + User-fitting suggestions - it inherits all the shortcomings deriving from the adopted belief source - agents has to be conforming to a model to communicate → hard to setup Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 23 / 35
  • 29. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Hybrid - Trust & Reputation Trust & Reputation A system providing for a trustworthiness score employing methodologies based on both reputation and trust, in order to improve some weaknesses of the constituent methodologies. + some methodologies provide liars recognition + pre-use trust score + some sort of result can be obtained even with poor community or brand new service - effectiveness still tightly connected to community quality and web services “age” - centralized Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 24 / 35
  • 30. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Hybrid - Direct experience & Reputation Direct Experience & Reputation The trust towards a service is evaluated by means of the user direct experience combined with the service reputation. Trust based on agent direct experience or other agent direct experience (reputation) + issues of constituent models mitigated - new web service ramp-up issue - community dependent Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 25 / 35
  • 31. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Pluses & Minuses Automated Trust Negotiation Credential-Based Trust A service consumer and a service provider mutually trust each other because the access control policy of the requested service is compliant with the access control policy of the service consumer. MUTUAL TRUST between service consumer and provider + user defined policies bring to a user fitting trust score + trust can ALWAYS be computed - hard to setup - no standard protocol or language defined - current studies not fully “web service aware” WS treated as a single operation Trust “Keep alive” not supported Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 26 / 35
  • 32. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions & Issues Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 27 / 35
  • 33. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 34. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? 2 Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive informations? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 35. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? 2 Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive informations? 3 Can the user know how the trust is calculated? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 36. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? 2 Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive informations? 3 Can the user know how the trust is calculated? 4 How does the community influence the trust score? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 37. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? 2 Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive informations? 3 Can the user know how the trust is calculated? 4 How does the community influence the trust score? 5 Does the user has to unconditionally trust/distrust certain services? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 38. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? 2 Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive informations? 3 Can the user know how the trust is calculated? 4 How does the community influence the trust score? 5 Does the user has to unconditionally trust/distrust certain services? 6 What is the trustworthiness of a brand new WS? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 39. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Questions 1 How does the trust score fit the user needs? 2 Does the provider/consumer have to disclose any sensitive informations? 3 Can the user know how the trust is calculated? 4 How does the community influence the trust score? 5 Does the user has to unconditionally trust/distrust certain services? 6 What is the trustworthiness of a brand new WS? 7 How hard is the trust provisioning infrastructure to setup and maintain? Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 28 / 35
  • 40. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Questions & Issues Main issues Unconditional Trust/Distrust: the user is constrained to a “take it or leave it” approach for some services. New WS Ramp-up: how to evaluate a brand new Web Service joining the network? Community dependency: a community based trust evaluation always relies on the quality of the community itself. How to bootstrap a good community? Centralized: single point of failure, hard to maintain, black box computed trust, not fitting to a large open system such as SOA. New User Ramp-up: the user, in certain approaches, needs a long interaction with the system in order to be “known” and receive fitting suggestions. Hard Setup: an approach can be good but really difficult to install in the real world, making it less incisive. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 29 / 35
  • 41. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Soft trust VS Hard trust Soft trust VS Hard trust Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 30 / 35
  • 42. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Soft trust VS Hard trust Soft Trust Participants in a market collaborate each other in sharing informations on other participants or services. Malicious user can be identified and consequently put aside The vast majority of the analyzed approaches (community dependent) are based on “Soft trust” Main issue: if someone does not take the risk of invoking an unknown service for the first time, then no one will be able to decide about the trustworthiness of the service before its invocation Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 31 / 35
  • 43. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Soft trust VS Hard trust Hard Trust Trustworthiness of a WS could be derived just from the a non-functional contract Semantic of a WS is taken into account (i.e. security behaviour) Not dependent on the “social control philosophy” Main issue: no fault-recognition provided, i.e. anyone can provide fake/wrong contract/policies Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 32 / 35
  • 44. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Conclusions Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 33 / 35
  • 45. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Soft trust + Hard trust Soft trust + Hard trust Hybrid system turned to be generally improving constituent methods: Hard trust + Soft trust = ALWAYS possible to obtain a trust value for discovered Web Services Malicious users/services bypassing the trust system are put aside from the community Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 34 / 35
  • 46. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Steps Steps 1 define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are still confused to date Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 35 / 35
  • 47. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Steps Steps 1 define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are still confused to date 2 combine hard trust and soft trust methodologies in a unified framework Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 35 / 35
  • 48. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Steps Steps 1 define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are still confused to date 2 combine hard trust and soft trust methodologies in a unified framework 3 adapt them to a Service Oriented Computing environment Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 35 / 35
  • 49. Introduction State of the art Discussion Conclusions Steps Steps 1 define what “trust” and “trustworthiness” mean → two terms are still confused to date 2 combine hard trust and soft trust methodologies in a unified framework 3 adapt them to a Service Oriented Computing environment Alice will be finally able to safely choose where to book a flight when she needs it. Nicola D., Nicola M., Davide P. (DTU) Trust-Based Approaches for WS Selection 28 June 2011 35 / 35