2. What do you see?
Visual Illusions
• Mermaid but not a mermaid
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7kyEarM
qUo&list=UU0W6lFhlMFdbK8dGTTTfEqw&ind
ex=23&feature=plcp
• http://www.youtube.com/user/hachiyakazuhi
ko#p/u/12/KJFozypEMd4
13. Sense of Taste
• Taste Receptors
– Five kinds of Taste Receptors
• Sweet
• Sour
• Salt
• Bitter
• New one? Umami
14. Umami Examples
• Japanese: dashi with kombu seaweed and
dried bonito flakes
• Chinese: add Chinese leek and cabbage with
chicken soup, as in the similar Scottish dish of
cock-a-leekie soup
• Italians: combine Parmesan cheese on tomato
sauce with mushrooms.
17. How do your taste needs develop?
• Baby salt needs? Teen salt needs? Adult salt
needs?
• Baby sugar needs? Teen sugar needs? Adult
sugar needs?
18. Salt Needs
Newborn
does not need salt
Few months old baby to adulthood
want salt
Later adulthood
Needs for salt tapers off
Older people
Need for salt returns!
19. Sugar Needs
• Built-in
• Body needs sugar for energy
• Too little sugar makes you tremble
20. Bitterness detectors: why do we need
them?
• Play an important role detecting poison.
• Food gone bad has a sour taste
21. Taste Experiment
• 1. Blindfold yourself.
• 2. Open your mouth wide, say “Ah”
• 3. Wait for the food to touch your tongue
(Partner you will place item on tongue)
• 5. Taste the food.
• 6. Identify the food
• 7. Taste in total five different items.
• 8. Switch with your partner
22. Critical Thinking
• You have to deliver a brief speech to your class
on salt and sugar needs. What do you say?
23. ARE YOU A SUPERTASTER?
Use blue food coloring and a plas
reinforcement ring for a three-hol
binder (paper reinforcement rings
get mushy).
Use a cotton swab to
wipe some blue food coloring on
tip of your tongue.
Place the ring on your tongue. If
are a medium taster, you'll see on
few little “mushrooms" inside the
ring's opening. If you're a superta
you'll find more than 25 of them w
the circle. How many do you cou
24.
25. Are you a supertaster questionnaire?
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/b
ody/interactives/supertaster/
26. Taste
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.What might be some evolutionary advantages
to being a supertaster -- for animals and
humans?
2.What other factors might explain a person's
food preferences?
27. Pair Talk
• 1. What is the difference between sensation
and perception?
• 2. What is the weakest light that can be seen?
The lightest touch that can be felt? What are
these minimum detection levels called?
28. Hearing
• Sound waves:
– Faster or slower than light waves?
• Many animals use sound more than humans.
– For example?
• Dolphin clicks
• Bats
29. Sound Characteristics
• Pitch
– How high or low the sound is
• Timbre
– Complexity of the tone
• Eg. Differences between guitar, piano, trombone
30. Sound Characteristics
• Intensity
– Measured in decibels
– Above 130: painful
– 70 decibels: can disturb sleep: fridge
– 50 decibels: can help sleep if sound is continuous
31. My what big ears you have!
• Does ear size make a difference?
32.
33. • Piece of skin stretched tightly over the entrance to the rest of the ear
eardrum
• Vibration causes bones to vibrate too.
• 3rd bone cochlea is filled with fluid and hair cells
Bones
• Give off electrical particles
Hair cells
• Electrical particle goes to the brain where sound is interpreted.
Auditory
Nerve
35. How does sound affect you?
How to listen?
• Bird Song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yhx3umz0
oDU&feature=related
• Video
• http://www.ted.com/talks/evelyn_glennie_sh
ows_how_to_listen.html
36. Hearing Websites
• Hearing Loss: what it sounds like
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/hea
ringloss/hlsoundslike.htm
• Pets and hearing:
http://www.safeandsoundpets.com/XL.html
• High Frequency tones
http://www.freemosquitoringtone.org/
37. http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_sh
ermer_the_pattern_behind_self_dece
ption.html
• Michael Shermer says the human tendency to
believe strange things -- from alien abductions
to dowsing rods -- boils down to two of the
brain's most basic, hard-wired survival skills.
He explains what they are, and how they get
us into trouble.
38. What’s This?
• In pairs, walk hurriedly around the room
• The first student points to objects asking "What's this?"
• The second student must quickly answer with anything that
the object is not.
– If it's a doorknob, reply that it's The Hubble Telescope or a
vampire.
– This is surprisingly difficult for our pattern-based brains
– It's the questioner's job to make sure that the answerer is not
making it easier by simply going through a list
– If they are, a friendly and high-pitched "No!" from the
questioner can signal that the answer is not good enough.
– This continues until brain-freeze occurs in the answering
student, which it will, then they switch roles and continue.
39. What’s This? Advanced Version
• A more advanced version can be done by NOT
allowing for any association at all between
succeeding answers
• EXAMPLE:
– "What's this?" "A telescope" "What's this?" "A
magnifying glass"
• This answer receives a little "No!" from the questioner
40. Smell: Olfaction
• (Not good, Good, Very Good) in humans
• Odor and emotional event
– Very hard to forget (Engen, 1987)
41.
42. Odor Molecules
attach to hair in
the nose
Electrical signal
sent to
Olfactory bulb
Sends code to
brain for
interpretation
44. Smell and Taste
• Smell is (less, more) important than taste in
eating.
• What happens when you hold your nose and eat?
Experiment
Get a yogurt container
Blindfold yourself
Plug your nose
Taste the food and identify all of them. Use the
toothpick or clean fingers
46. Touch=Cutaneous Senses
3 types of receptors
– Pressure
– Changes in Temperature
– Pain
– Burn: Active Continuously: records injury or po
47. Psychology and you, page 103
• In Focus problem
• Your fingers are cold after handling ice or
snow.
• You run your fingers under warm water, but
the water seems hot.
• Can you think of a theory about cutaneous
receptors to explain this?
48. Task
• Your task is to develop a list of consequences for
the loss of cutaneous senses.
• 1. What are the consequences for the loss of the
ability to process touch information? (pressure,
texture, vibration)
• 2. What are the consequences for the loss of the
ability to sense temperature? Loss of the ability
to sense pain?
• 3. What do these consequences suggest about
how evolutionary pressures may have influenced
the development of cutaneous sense?
49. Perception
• Put together sensory information so you can
understand the input coming in.
• Involves Interpretation and Expectation.
50. Perceptual Constancies
• Brain need to keep things the same in order to
maintain order and make sense of the
environment.
• Causes use to experience illusions
51. Size Constancy
• Definition: The ability to remember how large
an object is no matter where it is.
• Our perceptions of the size of objects are
relatively constant despite the fact that the
size of objects on the retina vary greatly with
distance.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56. Colour Constancy
• Colours are perceived as the same
• Move apple to a darkened room, does it
change colour?
• Only works with things we know the colour of
already.
57. • Are these fruit the same colour?
• Why do we perceive them the same colour?
58. Brightness Constancy
• The tendency for a visual object to be
perceived as having the same brightness
under widely different conditions of
illumination.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/brightness+
constancy
59. Example of Brighness Constancy:
White Paper
• A sheet of white paper seen in the bright
sunlight reflects a very different amount of
light than the same sheet of paper seen later
that night in a softly lighted room.
• Yet we perceive the paper as having the same
whiteness in each case.
61. Shape Constancy
• Everybody has seen a plate shaped in the form
of a circle. When we see that same plate from
an angle, however, it looks more like an
ellipse.
62.
63. Space Constancy
• The visual world appears to us as stable and
unmoving despite continuing movement of
the retinal image
http://kybele.psych.cornell.edu/~edelman/Course/perception/node21.html
65. Space Constancy
• Things appear steady to us because we either
focus on the outside as moving OR
66. • When driving, we use self-motion
– Cars moving in front of us are held steady in
our minds
– Only a major change in motion is perceived.
– Small changes in speed are not easily
perceived
• Thus rear enders.
67. Depth Perception
• Ability to see objects 3D and to judge distance.
• Visual Cliff Experiment with babies
• Showed babies have depth perception from
beginning.
72. Retinal Disparity
• See different things
with each eye
• Use the angle of the
eyeball to gauge distance
73. Texture Gradient
• We use texture to give us clues as to how far
away the object is.
• Texture:
– How smooth or rough something is
• Gradient:
– Different levels of texture we see at different
distances
74.
75. Task
• 1. List occupations in which good vision,
hearing, or other senses would be important
for success. Be sure to list the reasons why.
Are there occupations in which poor ability in
one of the senses would be dangerous?
106. Questions
• Critical Thinking:
– Draw an original example for each of the following
principles of perceptual organization: similarity,
closure, proximity, and figure ground. 2 points per
= 8 points
107. Discuss in pairs: Page 120
#2, #3, #5, #7
Then, we will discuss together
109. What is the sun or light bulb colour?
• White
110. When do you see colour?
• Waves of white light hit objects and bounce
back to us at different speeds or frequencies.
• All the colours are absorbed in the banana
except for yellow which is reflected back.
111. No such thing as colour
• Different light wavelengths have different
names
• Eyes have different receptors for different
wavelengths
117. What do Snakes see?
Snakes have two sets of eyes.
One set is the normal eyes that you see,
and they detect color quite well.
But they also have vision pits that detect heat
and “see” living creatures like an infrared detector.
Snake eye vision simulator program:
http://www.soft3k.com/Snake-Eye-Vision-p12913.htm
129. Retina
• Lights hits the retina
• Optic nerve area: no receptors thus blind spot
• Experiment
– Draw this on a piece of paper
– Close your right eye, look at the plus sign and then
move your face forward till dot disappears.
– Close your left eye, look at the dot till the plus
disappears.
134. Colour: Rods and Cones
• Rods: violet – purple range see black and
white with them.
• Sensitive in low light conditions
• They keep blue objects visible in the darkness
• Packed into the sides of the retina
135. Cones
• Used for daylight conditions
• Respond best to red wavelengths
• Don’t work with low light
• Located in the center of the retina
136. Colour Defects
• Colour blindness
– The inability to tell
the
difference between
certain colours
137. • Most common form of colour blindness is
which colour?
139. Afterimages
Occurs during the course of visual perception when the optical stimulus
suddenly disappears.
Example:
Put a piece of hot coal on a string.
When not moving it is a dot, but when moving it becomes a line.
1765,Chevalier Patrice d’Arcy (1725–79): afterimage lasts as long as the time taken for
the piece of coal to make one revolution, i.e., a minimum of 0.133 or 8/60th of a
second. Consequently, in the case of film footage, 16 sequential images per second
are perceived as continuous movement.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrhtpLHwifo&feature=related
Downloaded from:
http://wernernekes.de/00_cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=504
140. Afterimage: why does it occur?
Chemicals in the eye get used up when looking
at images. Ie. Eyes get “bleached”
When you look away, the chemicals are still in
your eye and you see the image (but in different
colours).
Cones system tries to restore balance after
looking at something. Don’t normally see them
because images are replaced all the time.
141. Afterimages Occurs
because
the eyes
want to
stay in
balance.
Try these:
http://faculty.wa
shington.edu/chu
dler/after.html
142. Super Taster Questionnaire, Visual
Illusions
• Experience some on-line
• Can you explain these illusions? Why are your
eyes being fooled?
143. Review
• From questions on page 97 of text. Do by yourself.
• 1. What’s the difference between sensation and
perception?
• 2. Why do some objects appear blue to us, while
others appear red?
• 3. Why is there a blind spot?
• 4. Name what each part of the eye does: rods, cones,
iris, lens
• 5. What colours does a colour blind person usually not
see?
144. Subliminal Perception
• What is it?
Subliminal perception occurs
whenever stimuli presented below
the threshold of awareness are
found to influence thoughts,
feelings, or actions.
• Does it work? Read page 98-99. Discuss in
small groups
145. Unconscious language learning
• Do they pick up on the concealed pattern when
tested? “The answer is yes,” said Dr. Williams, whose
research was funded by the Economic and Social Research
Council. “We found significantly above-chance selection of
sentence constructions that were ‘grammatically correct’
according to the hidden pattern. Yet, the participants had no
awareness of what they had learned or how. Moreover, we
were able to show learning of the same material by native
speakers of two typologically very different languages, English
and Cantonese.”
• Interestingly, picking up the hidden pattern unconsciously
doesn’t always happen – if, for instance, the hidden pattern is
linguistically unnatural, such as a correlation with whether an
146. Make up 2 True or False Questions for
the quiz tomorrow.
147. Subliminal Language Learning?
• The research provides a window onto unconscious learning
processes in the mind and highlights an important element that has
practical implications for language teaching. In each test, the
learner’s attention was directed to the part of the sentence that
contained the hidden pattern. By directing attention, it seems that
other elements of the sentence construction are picked up
unconsciously.
• “In a teaching situation, merely teaching the rules of a language
may not be the only answer,” explained Dr. Williams. “Instead, using
tasks that focus attention on the relevant grammatical forms in
language could help learners access unconscious learning pathways
in the brain. This would greatly enhance the speed of acquisition of
a second language.”
• Provided by University of Cambridge
You would not enjoy massage. You would not be able to play a musical instruments that require a sense of pressure . No enjoyment from touch activities: kissing? You would not know if there was wind blowing on your face. You would not feel a sense of speed from the car moving. Jobs that involve touch might be difficult: Massage therapistChiropractorDoctor/SurgeonDentist?ChefYou would not know if you burned yourself, or if you were cold or hot. If you could not sense pain you through your skin you might do really well at martial arts or boxing. Sense of touch evolved because we really need these in our everyday life for survival and for pleasure.
Hold finger in front of you. Close one eye then the other, finger shifts. Use the angle of the eyeball to gauge distance.
