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Anti-micro drugs
1. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2 (SPH 0122)
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL BIN HAMID (012011050002)
NOR AISYAH BT ABDULLAH ZAWAWI (012011050108)
DMA GROUP 9
16 APRIL 2012
SIR WAN AZMAN
ANTI-MICROB
2. OBJECTIVE
TO IDENTIFY THE DEFINATION OF ANTIMICROB AND
SYNTHETIC AGENT
TO IDENTIFY INDICATIONS OF THE DRUG
TO IDENTIFY MECHANISM OF ACTION
TO IDENTIFY CONTRAINDICATION OF DRUG
TO IDENTIFY SIDE EFFECT
TO IDENTIFY SPECIAL PERCAUTION
TO IDENTIFY OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
3. WHAT IS ANTIMICROB
Antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth
of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.
There are mainly two classes of antimicrobial drugs:
Those obtained from natural sources:
1. Beta-lactam antibiotic (such as penicillins)
2. Protein synthesis inhibitors(such as aminoglycosides)
Synthetic agents:
1. Anti-helminthes
2. Anti-fungal
3. Anti-viral
5. INDICATION OF DRUG
Anti helmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that
expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body, by
either stunning or killing them.
This includes both flat worms, flukes and tapeworms
and round worms.
such as nematodes, cestodes, trematodes,
infectious protozoa, and amoebae.
6. TYPE OF ANTI HELMINTHES
DRUG
Type
-Albendazole
-Mebandazole
-Thiabendazole
-Fenbendazole
-Triclabendazole
-Flubendazole
7. Albendazole
Albendazole is used to treat infections caused by
worms. Albendazole works by keeping the worm from
absorbing sugar (glucose), so that the worm loses
energy and dies.
Albendazole is used to treat:
-Hydatid disease (echinococcosis);
-Infection of the nervous system caused by pork
tapeworms (neurocysticercosis).
9. Mebandazole
Mebendazole belongs to the family of medicines
called anthelmintics. Anthelmintics are medicines
used in the treatment of worm infections.
Mebendazole is used to treat:
-Common roundworms (ascariasis);
-Hookworm infections (uncinariasis);
-Pinworms (enterobiasis; oxyuriasis);
-Whipworms (trichuriasis); and
-More than one worm infection at a time.
12. Thiabendazole
This medication is used to treat roundworm infections
such as threadworm, hookworm/creeping eruption
(cutaneous larva migrans), and visceral larva migrans
(toxocariasis). This medication is also used for other
types of roundworm infections such as pinworm,
whipworm, large roundworm (ascariasis),
and trichinosis when other therapies have failed or
are unavailable.
13. Triclabendazole
Triclabendazole is a member of the
benzimidazole family of anthelmintics. The
benzimidazole drugs share a common molecular
structure, triclabendazole being the exception in
having a chlorinated benzene ring but
no carbamate group.
14. MECHANISM OF ACTION
An anti helmintic may interfere with the parasites'
carbohydrate metabolism, inhibit their respiratory
enzymes, block their neuromuscular action, or render
them susceptible to destruction by the host's
macrophages.
15. SIDE EFFECT
Anthelmintics usually do not cause side effects.
However, sometimes the drugs produce diarrhoea,
headaches, and dizziness.
16. SPECIAL PERCAUTIONS
wash your bedding every 2-3 days in non chlorine
oxygen bleach
DO NOT eat any raw or uncooked foods such as
carpaccio or sushi.
avoiding sources of infection like untreated or fresh
water
17. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Presence of known allergy to any of these drugs
Lactation
Pregnancy (in most cases)
Caution should be used in the presence of renal or
hepatic disease or severe diarrhea and
malnourishment
18. OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
Giving medicines in very small doses will not affect the
parasitic host.
It should be noted, though, that overdose of anti-
parasitics can be exceptionally dangerous to the
person taking them.
Dosage must be properly controlled to avoid this
20. INDICATION OF DRUG
An antifungal drug is medication used to
treat fungal infections such as athlete's
foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic
infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and
others
There are also many different types of antifungal
medicines, including:
- clotrimazole
- econazole nitrate
- miconazole
21. TYPE OF ANTI FUNGAL DRUG
a. Antifungal antibiotics
-Polyene antibiotics (Amphoterican
B/Nystatin/hamycin/Natamcin)
-Others (Griseofluvin)
b. Antimetabolites
-Flucytosine
c. Azole
-Clotrimazole
-Econazole
-miconazole
d. Miscellaneous
-Terbinafine
-Pneumocandins
22. Antifungal antibiotics
Polyene antibiotics
• Polyene antibiotics, are a class
of antimicrobial polyene compounds that target fungi.
• These polyene antimycotics are typically obtained
from some species of Streptomyces bacteria.
• The polyenes bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell
membrane and promote leakiness which may
contribute to fungal cell death
• Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin are
examples of polyene antimycotics.
23. Cont..
Amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is used to kill fungus that can cause
serious or life-threatening infections.
Amphotericin B is not effective against bacterial
infections or viruses.
Nystatin
Nystatin is used to treat fungal infections of the skin,
mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract.
Nystatin works by stopping the growth of the fungus
24. Cont
Hamycin
It is similar to nystatin but more water soluble.
This medication is a polyene antimycotic organic
compound, prescribed for oral thrush, and vaginal
infections.
Natamcin
Natamycin (INN), also known as pimaricin, is a naturally
occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation
by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly
found in soil.
Natamycin is classified as a macrolide polyene antifungal
and, as a drug, is used to treat fungal keratitis.
26. Antimetabolite
An antimetabolite is a chemical that inhibits the use
of a metabolite, which is another chemical that is part
of normal metabolism.
Flucytosine
-belongs to the group of medicines called antifungals.
It is used to treat certain fungus infections.
27. Azole
Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole is used to treat yeast infections of the
vagina, mouth, and skin such as athlete's foot, jock
itch, and body ringworm. It can also be used to
prevent oral thrush in certain patients.
28. Cont..
Econazole
Econazole nitrate is an antifungal medication of
the imidazole class.
used to treat infections caused by a fungus.
They work by killing the fungus or preventing its growth.
Miconazole
Miconazole, an antifungal agent, is used for skin infections
such as athlete's foot and jock itch and for vaginal yeast
infections.
Miconazole comes as a cream, lotion, powder, spray liquid,
and spray powder to be applied to the skin.
30. Miscellaneous
Terbinafine
Terbinafine is used to treat certain types of fungal
infections (e.g., fingernail or toenail). It works by
stopping the growth of fungus. This medication
belongs to a class of drugs known as antifungals.
32. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Antifungals work by exploiting differences between
mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism
without dangerous effects on the host.
Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans
are eukaryotes.
33. SIDE EFFECT
Depending on which type of antifungal medicine you are
using.
Topical antifungals
- irritation
- a mild burning sensation
- itching
- redness
Oral antifungals
- feeling sick
- diarrhoea
- headache
34. Intravenous antifungals
- loss of appetite
- feeling sick
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
- chills
- headache
- muscle and joint pain
35. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
Keep your skin clean and dry. Shampoo your hair and
scrub your skin regularly, then dry them thoroughly.
If symptoms do not improve within a few weeks, the
prescribing physician should be informed.
While taking this medicine, regular medical visits
should be scheduled. The physician needs to keep
checking for side effects throughout the antifungal
therapy.
36. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Anyone with a known allergy
Pregnant or lactating women (with the exception of
terbinafine for life-threatening infections)
Patients with renal or liver disease
-Drug metabolism or excretion may be altered, or
condition may worsen as a result of the actions of the
drug
37. OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
The recommended dosage depends on the type of
antifungal drug and the nature and extent of fungal
infection being treated.
Doses may also be different for different patients.
The prescribing physician or the pharmacist can
provide dosage information.
39. INDICATION OF DRUG
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used
specifically for treating viral infections.
Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific
viruses.
40. TYPE OF ANTI VIRAL DRUG
a. Anti-herpes virus agent
-Acyclovir
-Valaciclovir
b. Anti-influenza
-Amantadine
-Zanamir
c. Anti-retroviral
-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
(Lamivudine/Zadovudine)
-non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
(Nevirapine/Efavirenz)
41. Anti-herpes virus agent
Acyclovir
Acyclovir is an antiviral drug. It slows the growth and
spread of the herpes virus so that the body can fight
off the infection.
Acyclovir is used to treat infections caused by herpes
viruses. Illnesses caused by herpes viruses include
genital herpes, cold sores, shingles, and chicken pox.
42. Cont..
Valaciclovir
Valaciclovir or valacyclovir (brand names Valtrex,
Zelitrex) is an antiviral drug used in the management
of herpes simplex and herpes zoster (shingles).
It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus so
that the body can fight off the infection.
Valacyclovir will not cure herpes, but it can lessen the
symptoms of the infection.
44. Anti-influenza
Amantadine
Amantadine is an antiviral medicine. It is used to
prevent or treat certain influenza (flu) infections (type
A).
Amantadine will not work for colds, other types of flu,
or other virus infections.
45. Cont..
Zanamir
Zanamivir is a prescription medication used to treat
and prevent the flu(influenza).
Zanamivir may also be given to prevent influenza in
people who may be exposed but do not yet have
symptoms.
47. Anti-retroviral
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class
of antiretroviral drug used to
treat HIV infection, tumors, and cancer. RTIs inhibit act
ivity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase
enzyme that retroviruses need to reproduce.
48. Cont..
Lamivudine
Lamivudine is an oral medication that is used for the
treatment of infections with the human
immunodeficiency (HIV) and hepatitis B viruses.
Zadovudine
Zidovudine is used alone or with other medications to
treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in
patients with or without acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
It will slow the spread of HIV infection in the body.
50. Cont..
Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs) are the third class of antiretroviral drugs that
were developed.
attach themselves to reverse transcriptase and
prevent the enzyme from converting RNA to DNA.
51. Cont..
Nevirapine
Nevirapine is used in combination with other medications
to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in
patients with or without acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
It works by decreasing the amount of HIV in the blood.
Efavirenz
Efavirenz is used with other medications to treat human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with or
without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
It works by slowing the spread of HIV in the body
53. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Antiviral drugs work by inhibiting the virus before it
enters the cell, stopping it from reproducing, or, in
some cases, preventing it from exiting the cell.
However, like antibiotics, viruses may evolve to resist
the antiviral drug.
54. SIDE EFFECT
Depending on what antiviral medication you are
taking and your reaction to it
However, some possible side effects that are common
to many antiviral drugs include dizziness, fatigue,
joint or muscle pain, headache, dry mouth, nausea,
vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, insomnia, and
mild anxiety or irritability.
55. SPECIAL PERCAUTIONS
Get Enough Sleep
Wash Your Hands
Stay Away From Sick People
Each of the drugs listed has specific warnings. See
specific drugs references or ask a pediatrician.
57. OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
The recommended dosage depends on the type of
antiviral drug and the nature and extent of viral
infection being treated.
Doses may also be different for different patients.
The prescribing physician or the pharmacist can
provide dosage information.