2. Impressionism
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of
Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence
during the 1870s and 1880s in spite of harsh opposition from the art community
in France. The name of the style is derived from the title of a Claude Monet
work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic
Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review published in the Parisian
newspaper Le Charivari.
Characteristics of Impressionist paintings include relatively small, thin, yet
visible brush strokes; open composition; emphasis on accurate depiction of
light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of
time); common, ordinary subject matter; the inclusion of movement as a crucial
element of human perception and experience; and unusual visual angles.
3. Impresionism technique
โ Short, thick strokes of paint are used to quickly capture the essence of the subject,
rather than its details. The paint is often applied impasto.
โ Colours are applied side-by-side with as little mixing as possible, creating a vibrant
surface. The optical mixing of colours occurs in the eye of the viewer.
โ Grays and dark tones are produced by mixing complementary colours. In pure
Impressionism the use of black paint is avoided.
โ Wet paint is placed into wet paint without waiting for successive applications to dry,
producing softer edges and an intermingling of colour.
โ Painting during evening to get effets de soirโthe shadowy effects of the light in the
evening or twilight.
โ Impressionist paintings do not exploit the transparency of thin paint films (glazes)
which earlier artists manipulated carefully to produce effects. The surface of an
Impressionist painting is typically opaque.
4. โ The play of natural light is emphasized. Close attention is paid to the reflection of
colours from object to object.
โ In paintings made en plein air (outdoors), shadows are boldly painted with the blue
of the sky as it is reflected onto surfaces, giving a sense of freshness that was not
represented in painting previously. (Blue shadows on snow inspired the technique.)
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9. En plein Air
En plein air is a French expression which means "in the open air", and is particularly used
to describe the act of painting outdoors, which is also called peinture sur le motif
("painting on the ground") in French.
Artists have long painted outdoors, but in the mid-19th century working in natural light
became particularly important to the Barbizon school and Impressionism. The popularity
of painting en plein air increased in the 1870s with the introduction of paints in tubes
(resembling modern toothpaste tubes). Previously, each painter made their own paints by
grinding and mixing dry pigment powders with linseed oil. The Newlyn School in England
is considered another major proponent of the technique in the latter 19th century.
