Ch 9 Covalent Bonding

9.1 The Covalent Bond ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Single Covalent bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],F F

Covalent bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],F F 8 Valence electrons

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

9.2 Naming Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Naming Binary Covalent Compounds: Examples N 2 S 4 di nitrogen tetra sulfide NI 3 nitrogen tri iodide XeF 6 xenon hexa fluoride CCl 4 carbon tetra chloride P 2 O 5 di phosphorus pent oxide SO 3 sulfur tri oxide 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 heptaa 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca * Second element in ‘ide’ from * Drop –a & -o before ‘oxide’

Naming Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Naming Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Naming Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

9.3 Molecular Structures ,[object Object],[object Object]

Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H O

Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H O

Water ,[object Object],[object Object],H H O

Multiple Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Carbon dioxide ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C O

Carbon dioxide ,[object Object],C O

Carbon dioxide ,[object Object],C O O

Carbon dioxide ,[object Object],O C O

Carbon dioxide ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],O C O

Carbon dioxide ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],O C O 8 valence electrons

How to draw them ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N H

Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N H H H

Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

HCN ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N H C

HCN ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N H C

HCN ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N H C

Another way of indicating bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H H O = H H O

Structural Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H C N C O H H

Coordinate Covalent Bond ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],O C

Coordinate Covalent Bond ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],O C O C

Resonance ,[object Object],[object Object]

9.4 Molecular Shape (VSEPR) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

VSEPR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

VSEPR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C H H H H

4 atoms bonded ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C H H H H 109.5º

3 bonded - 1 lone pair ,[object Object],[object Object],N H H H N H H H <109.5º

2 bonded - 2 lone pair ,[object Object],[object Object],O H H O H H <109.5º

3 atoms no lone pair ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C H H O C H H O 120º

2 atoms no lone pair ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C O O 180º

Molecular Orbitals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sigma bonding orbitals ,[object Object],+ + s orbital s orbital + + + + Sigma bonding molecular orbital

Sigma bonding orbitals ,[object Object],p orbital p orbital Sigma bonding molecular orbital      

Pi bonding orbitals ,[object Object],    Pi bonding molecular orbital    

Sigma and pi bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hybridization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hybridization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

9.5 Electronegativity and Bond Type Electro negativity Difference Bond Type <.4 Non-Polar Covalent 0.5 – 1.9 Polar Covalent >2.0 Ionic

Polar Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Electronegativity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How to show a bond is polar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H Cl  

Polar Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Polar Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Intermolecular Forces ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dispersion Force ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dipole interactions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dipole interactions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H F     H F    

Properties of Molecular Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ch 9 Covalent Bonding

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Ch 9 Covalent Bonding