4. 

Demography is scientific study of human
population.
& Changes within them

5. in Population Size & its Composition
in response to:
OR




Birth
Aging
Death
Migration

6. i Population size (# of persons in pop:)
rapid growth, slow growth, population decline
ii Population Structure: / Composition:
(Division according to characteristic)
(E.g:- Sex structure, Age structure)
ethnic, age, sex (also, how many are non-citizens)
iii Population distribution
% rural, % urban, % suburban. Also, how many
citizens live overseas
Important ‘demographic processes’ include:
fertility, mortality, marriage, education & social mobility.

7. 1960
US
Fl
Ln
1970
1980
1990
2000
179,323,175 203,211,926 226,545,805 248,709,873 281,421,906
4,951,560
6,789,443
9,746,324
12,937,926
15,982,378
74,225
103,047
148,665
192,493
239,452

8. Population Structure: / Composition:
(Division according to characteristic)
(E.g:- Sex structure, Age structure)
ethnic, age, sex (also, how many are non-citizens)
Males
Females

9. Population distribution
% rural, % urban, % suburban. Also, how many
citizens live overseas

10. 1. Census
2. National Survey
3. Registration of vital events
(Births, Deaths ,Marriages , Adoptions, Divorces & separations)
4. Demographic Studies

11. Science of Motion
population Dynamics = Changes of population
(Increasing OR Decreasing)
World Population 6.3 billion
Growth Rate 1.3%
(If continue to grow this rate)
Pop: will be Doubled (in Next 50 Ys:)
World Pop:
by ¼ of m each day
Pak ranks 7th of the World

12. Components of Population Change
(Population Dynamics)
• Demographers rely upon the “Demographic Balancing
Equation” to very simply and elegantly summarize
population change:
Pop2 = Pop1+ (B – D) + (IM – OM), where
Pop2 = Population at a later time period (Future Pop:)
Pop1 = Population at an earlier time period(Present Pop:)
B = Births
Migration
D = Deaths
Mortality
IM = In-Migration
(immigrants or in-population)
Fertility
OM = Out-Migration (Emigrants)
• The nature of population change is simple… changes can
only occur through: 1) Births, 2) Deaths, or 3) Migration

13. 



No: of Live Births (B)
No: of Deaths (D)
No: of Immigration / In Migration (IM)
No: of Emigration / Out Migration (OM)

14. • Number of years it will take for population
to double at current growth rate
70 ÷ Growth Rate = Doubling Time
Growth Rate Doubling Time
Afghanistan
India
United States
Denmark
Pakistan
2.5%
1.3%
.5%
0.0%
2.8%
28 years
54 years
140 years
-25 years

15. 
Difference between CBR & CDR

GR = CBR - CDR
Pakistan on explosive rate
(Growing)
Many Problems
Health
Education
Available Resources

16. CBR
= No: of Live births in a yr: in a Pop: X 1000
Mid yr: Pop:
Pakistan = 39/1000
CDR
= No: of deaths in a yr: in a Pop: X 1000
Mid yr: Pop:
Pakistan = 11/1000
GR = CBR- CDR
= 39-11/1000 =28/1000
GR = 2.8%

17. NI(B-D)+Net Migration (IM-OM)
Natural Increase:
Surplus or deficit of births over death
Net Migration:
Net effect of immigration & emigration (
or
)

18. 



Population is increased at a given period
of time.
Effect of natural increase & net migration.
Expressed in % per year.
Rapid PGR link to following many problems in less
developed countries.
Hunger
Poverty
High IMR
inadequacies in social / Health services
i,e Transportation & communication

19. 




Fertility or Natility
Mortality
Migration
Marriage
Social

20. 



Increasing Female Literacy Rate
Increasing age of female at marriage
Increasing Contraceptive Utilization
By Family limitation

21. END