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Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Sentient Computing for Innovation
 Understanding Organisational Behaviour through Pervasive Technology




  Irene Lopez de Vallejo, PhD Candidate
  i.vallejo@ucl.ac.uk
  The Bartlett, Faculty of the Built Environment
  UCL University College London
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Initial considerations



 • Sentient computing is the proposition that applications can
   be made more responsive and useful by observing and
   reacting to the physical world Andy Hopper, The Royal Society Clifford Paterson Lecture,1999
        – Built Environment
        – Inhabitants
 • Innovation key form of organisational knowledge creation,
   organisations create and define problems and actively
   develop new knowledge to solve them Nonaka 1994
        – Individual and collective employees expertise
        – Building design
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Key question



 • How can location tracking systems contribute to
   the understanding of informal face-to-face
   interaction in the workplace?
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Interaction, Knowledge Management and
 Innovation


 • Physical interaction key issues for
   today’s firms
 • To create and transfer knowledge
   individuals need to interact
 • Informal face-to-face interactions
   essential for
        – Trust building
        – Flow of ideas
        – Social relationships           original context on the page: www.ikiw.org/category/interdisciplinary/
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 The other side of the coin: Solo work



 • Get work done!
 • Concentration vs communication
        – Fluctuating desired levels of privacy and interaction
        – Individual creativity
 • Interruptions
        – Stress levels
        – Time famine
 • Paradox of knowledge management
        – Best transfers serendipitous, personal and private
        – Best insights need periods of intense reflection combined exposure
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Organisational and Design considerations



 • Work context intense, fast, novel and collaborative
 • Create processes, structures and environments that allow
   and encourage individuals to interact to promote informal
   knowledge transfer
 • Face-to-face interaction is a mechanism
 • Design a strategic tool to support emergent organisational
   forms
        – Adequate time and space for interaction
        – Open spaces are more favourable
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Pervasive technologies to measure interaction



 • Current methods
        – Static picture
        – Self assesment and observations
 • A new tool
        – Indoor location tracking technologies
        – Dynamic and long term view
 • A real life deployment:
        – Ultra-wideband RF technology: Nationwide pilot
          project
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Pervasive technologies to measure interaction

 If you cannot measure it, you cannot manage it


 • Current methods
        – Static picture
        – Self assessments and observations
 • A new tool
        – Indoor location tracking technologies
        – Dynamic and long term view
 • A real life deployment:
        – Ultra-wideband RF technology
        – Nationwide pilot project
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 A New Method to study interaction:
 background


 •       L-T system calculate position
         accuracy 15 cm, 48% time
 •       Spatial and social challenges
 •       Raw location dataset
        –      Noise
        –      Assumptions
        –      Definitions
        –      Mathematical Manipulation
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 A New Method to study interaction:
 background
 Can interaction be measured, understood and managed?

 •       L-T system calculate position
         accuracy 15 cm, 48% time
 •       Spatial and social challenges
 •       Raw location dataset
        –      Noise
        –      Assumptions
        –      Definitions
        –      Mathematical Manipulation
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Dealing with noise



 •    No noise free location technology
 •    Kalman filter
 •    Delete all XYZ = 0
 •    Delete entries Z < 0.5, > 2 metres
 •    Delete entries negative X and Y data points
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Preliminary assumptions



 • Set of events that exclude each other
 • Each event has two states: ON and OFF
 • Time line
        – Organisation
 • Spatial setting
        – Deployment area
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




                           Definitions: events




 •    Solo
 •    Interaction
 •    Other
 •    Threshold value
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Definitions: temporal factors



 •    Occurrence
 •    Recurrence
 •    Duration
 •    Interval

 • Cycle
 • Rhythms
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Definitions: Spatial factors



 • Cartesian coordinates
 • Pre-allocarted zones
 • Configuration of office space
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Summary defintions and unit of analysis



                                                            Behaviour
   Measures                         SOLO                          INTERACTION                    OTHER
  PERSONAL                1 individual                    2,3,4,5 and 6 individuals       Outside
    SPACE                 Aggregation of workforce        Aggregation of workforce           deployment
                          No trespassing personal         Overlapping of personal         Aggregation
                           bubble of 1.5 feet radius or       bubbles for a minimum            of workforce
                           overlapping of personal            duration threshold value
                           bubbles of under 30 seconds        of 30 seconds
  TEMPORAL                Occurrence, recurrence, duration, period or cycle, interval and rhythm.
   FACTORS
  LOCATION                Cartesian coordinates (XYZ)
   FACTORS                Pre-allocated zones1
                          Configuration of office space
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Mathematical manipulation
 •    Raw XYZ coordinates
NAME                                      TIME           AVERAGE_X AVERAGE_Y AVERAGE_Z DISTANCE      SAMPLES
125                                   01-Jul-05 08:03:20       23.82    12.87      -0.11        1.26       1
Tag 016-000-002-125                   01-Jul-05 08:03:20       23.87    12.85       1.39        1.31       1
Tag 016-000-002-125                   01-Jul-05 08:03:21       24.50    12.89       1.54        1.24       2
125                                   01-Jul-05 08:03:22       24.55    12.86      -0.01        1.43       4
Tag 016-000-002-125                   01-Jul-05 08:03:22       24.68    12.71       1.65        1.15       2
Tag 016-000-002-125                   01-Jul-05 08:03:23       24.68    12.63       1.62        1.39       2


 •    Meaningful/relevant data


    X          Y           Z         No. people No. Seconds         Minutes spent in interaction   2people 3people 4people
   10.835        8.15          1.5            2          11                 1 <=60                        67      72      75
 10.90667   9.066667           1.5            3          11                 2 <=120                       15      13      12
 7.411667      9.245             0            6          11                 3 <=180                        6       5       4
 11.34571   9.342857             0            7          11                 4 <=240                        3       2       2
   11.596      9.726             0            5          11                 5 <=300                        2       1       1
 11.51333   9.825556             0            9          11                 6 <=360                        1       1       1
   10.675     10.205           1.5            2          11                 7 <=420                        1       1       1
 10.44857   10.72714           1.5            7          11                 8 <=480                        1       1       0
 13.54333      11.97             0            3          11                 9 <=540                        0       0       0
                                                                           10 <=600                        0       0       0
                                                                           11 <=660                        0       0       0
                                                                           12 <=720                        0       0       0
                                                                           13 <=780                        0       0       0
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Visualisations
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Visualisations
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Visualisations
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08
Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08




 Q& perhaps some A



 •    Dynamic visualization of human behaviour in organisations
 •    Predictive model
 •    Location systems not the drivers
 •    Design and organisation studies

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Sentient Computing For Innovation

  • 1. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Sentient Computing for Innovation Understanding Organisational Behaviour through Pervasive Technology Irene Lopez de Vallejo, PhD Candidate i.vallejo@ucl.ac.uk The Bartlett, Faculty of the Built Environment UCL University College London
  • 2. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Initial considerations • Sentient computing is the proposition that applications can be made more responsive and useful by observing and reacting to the physical world Andy Hopper, The Royal Society Clifford Paterson Lecture,1999 – Built Environment – Inhabitants • Innovation key form of organisational knowledge creation, organisations create and define problems and actively develop new knowledge to solve them Nonaka 1994 – Individual and collective employees expertise – Building design
  • 3. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Key question • How can location tracking systems contribute to the understanding of informal face-to-face interaction in the workplace?
  • 4. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Interaction, Knowledge Management and Innovation • Physical interaction key issues for today’s firms • To create and transfer knowledge individuals need to interact • Informal face-to-face interactions essential for – Trust building – Flow of ideas – Social relationships original context on the page: www.ikiw.org/category/interdisciplinary/
  • 5. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 The other side of the coin: Solo work • Get work done! • Concentration vs communication – Fluctuating desired levels of privacy and interaction – Individual creativity • Interruptions – Stress levels – Time famine • Paradox of knowledge management – Best transfers serendipitous, personal and private – Best insights need periods of intense reflection combined exposure
  • 6. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Organisational and Design considerations • Work context intense, fast, novel and collaborative • Create processes, structures and environments that allow and encourage individuals to interact to promote informal knowledge transfer • Face-to-face interaction is a mechanism • Design a strategic tool to support emergent organisational forms – Adequate time and space for interaction – Open spaces are more favourable
  • 7. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Pervasive technologies to measure interaction • Current methods – Static picture – Self assesment and observations • A new tool – Indoor location tracking technologies – Dynamic and long term view • A real life deployment: – Ultra-wideband RF technology: Nationwide pilot project
  • 8. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Pervasive technologies to measure interaction If you cannot measure it, you cannot manage it • Current methods – Static picture – Self assessments and observations • A new tool – Indoor location tracking technologies – Dynamic and long term view • A real life deployment: – Ultra-wideband RF technology – Nationwide pilot project
  • 9. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 A New Method to study interaction: background • L-T system calculate position accuracy 15 cm, 48% time • Spatial and social challenges • Raw location dataset – Noise – Assumptions – Definitions – Mathematical Manipulation
  • 10. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 A New Method to study interaction: background Can interaction be measured, understood and managed? • L-T system calculate position accuracy 15 cm, 48% time • Spatial and social challenges • Raw location dataset – Noise – Assumptions – Definitions – Mathematical Manipulation
  • 11. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Dealing with noise • No noise free location technology • Kalman filter • Delete all XYZ = 0 • Delete entries Z < 0.5, > 2 metres • Delete entries negative X and Y data points
  • 12. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Preliminary assumptions • Set of events that exclude each other • Each event has two states: ON and OFF • Time line – Organisation • Spatial setting – Deployment area
  • 13. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Definitions: events • Solo • Interaction • Other • Threshold value
  • 14. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Definitions: temporal factors • Occurrence • Recurrence • Duration • Interval • Cycle • Rhythms
  • 15. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Definitions: Spatial factors • Cartesian coordinates • Pre-allocarted zones • Configuration of office space
  • 16. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Summary defintions and unit of analysis Behaviour Measures SOLO INTERACTION OTHER PERSONAL  1 individual  2,3,4,5 and 6 individuals  Outside SPACE  Aggregation of workforce  Aggregation of workforce deployment  No trespassing personal  Overlapping of personal  Aggregation bubble of 1.5 feet radius or bubbles for a minimum of workforce overlapping of personal duration threshold value bubbles of under 30 seconds of 30 seconds TEMPORAL  Occurrence, recurrence, duration, period or cycle, interval and rhythm. FACTORS LOCATION  Cartesian coordinates (XYZ) FACTORS  Pre-allocated zones1  Configuration of office space
  • 17. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Mathematical manipulation • Raw XYZ coordinates NAME TIME AVERAGE_X AVERAGE_Y AVERAGE_Z DISTANCE SAMPLES 125 01-Jul-05 08:03:20 23.82 12.87 -0.11 1.26 1 Tag 016-000-002-125 01-Jul-05 08:03:20 23.87 12.85 1.39 1.31 1 Tag 016-000-002-125 01-Jul-05 08:03:21 24.50 12.89 1.54 1.24 2 125 01-Jul-05 08:03:22 24.55 12.86 -0.01 1.43 4 Tag 016-000-002-125 01-Jul-05 08:03:22 24.68 12.71 1.65 1.15 2 Tag 016-000-002-125 01-Jul-05 08:03:23 24.68 12.63 1.62 1.39 2 • Meaningful/relevant data X Y Z No. people No. Seconds Minutes spent in interaction 2people 3people 4people 10.835 8.15 1.5 2 11 1 <=60 67 72 75 10.90667 9.066667 1.5 3 11 2 <=120 15 13 12 7.411667 9.245 0 6 11 3 <=180 6 5 4 11.34571 9.342857 0 7 11 4 <=240 3 2 2 11.596 9.726 0 5 11 5 <=300 2 1 1 11.51333 9.825556 0 9 11 6 <=360 1 1 1 10.675 10.205 1.5 2 11 7 <=420 1 1 1 10.44857 10.72714 1.5 7 11 8 <=480 1 1 0 13.54333 11.97 0 3 11 9 <=540 0 0 0 10 <=600 0 0 0 11 <=660 0 0 0 12 <=720 0 0 0 13 <=780 0 0 0
  • 18. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Visualisations
  • 19. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Visualisations
  • 20. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Visualisations
  • 22. Mobisys Seminar 02.12.08 Q& perhaps some A • Dynamic visualization of human behaviour in organisations • Predictive model • Location systems not the drivers • Design and organisation studies