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Renal Disease & Protein

      Dr. Mohammed Ellulu
Introduction
2


       Habitual consumption of dietary protein in excess of
        recommended amounts promotes chronic renal
        disease through increased glomerular pressure and
        hyperfiltration (Metges & Barth, 2000).

       Hyperfiltration in response to various physiological
        stimuli is a normal adaptive mechanism (Sugaya et al,
        2000).
Protein intake
3


       High protein (HP) diets will be defined as a daily
        consumption of greater than or equal to 1.5
        g/kg/day, which is almost twice the current
        Recommended Dietary Allowance but within the range
        of current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for
        protein.

       The Institute of Medicine DRI report suggested an
        acceptable macronutrient distribution range of 10–
        35% of total energy for protein intake (Food and Nutrition
        Board, 2002).
overview of chronic kidney disease
4


       CKD defined as either kidney damage or a decline in
        renal function as determined by decreased glomerular
        filtration rate (GFR) for three or more months (Levey et al,
        2003)


       According to the National Kidney Foundation guidelines,
        CKD is classified into five stages, as one progresses
        from stage 1 to 5 there is a concomitant decline in GFR
        and thus renal function. The final stage, known as end
        stage renal disease, represents the most severe
        manifestation of CKD (Johnson, 2004).
Risk factors of CKD (Tarver-Carr et al, 2002)
5


    Non-modifiable risk factors   Modifiable risk factors
    Race                          Physical inactivity
    Gender                        Smoking
    Age                           Obesity
    Family history                Hypertension (2nd cause)
6   Dietary protein and renal function
Dietary protein and renal function
7


       Regression analysis showed an association between
        increased consumption of animal protein and a
        decline in renal function; suggesting that high total
        protein intake may accelerate renal disease
        leading to a progressive loss of renal capacity.

       Johnson et al (2003), showed protein intake as a
        possible risk factor for progressive loss of remaining
        renal function in dialysis patients.
The National Kidney Foundation
8


       The National Kidney Foundation recommended it is
        important to note that these recommendations are
        not indicated for individuals with normal renal
        function (Beto & Bansal, 2003).
Dietary protein and renal disease:
9


       Hammond and Janes (1998) demonstrated an
        independent effect of increased protein intake on
        renal hypertrophy in mice. In this study, changes in
        renal function (i.e., increased glomerular filtration
        rate and renal hypertrophy) were observed.

       Increased glucagon secretion in response to protein
        administration induced hyperfiltration subsequent
        to "pancreato-hepatorenal cascade" (Bankir et al,
        1997).
Renal function adaptation
10


        The possibility that protein-induced changes in renal
         function are a normal physiological adaptation to
         nitrogen load and increased demands for renal
         clearance is supported by changes noted in renal
         structure and function during pregnancy (Conrad et al,
         2005).



        e.g. GFR increases by as much as 65% in healthy
         women during pregnancy (Conrad, 2004).
The Brenner Hypothesis
11


        In brief, situations associated with increased glomerular
         filtration and glomerular pressure cause renal injury,
         ultimately compromise renal function, and potentially
         increase the risk for progression of renal disease.

        Brenner proposed that habitual consumption of
         excessive dietary protein negatively impacted kidney
         function by a sustained increased in glomerular pressure
         and renal hyperfiltration (Brenner et al, 1982).
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
12


        Patients with lower total protein intake would have
         a longer time to renal failure and suggested that a
         lower protein intake postponed the progression of
         advanced renal disease; especially for diabetic
         patients (Pedrini et al, 1996).
Dietary protein and renal strain
13


        The word "strain" is misleading given its negative
         connotation.

        Increased dietary protein "strains" the kidney via
         increased urea production, and causes dehydration
         and accumulation of blood urea nitrogen
         (AtkinsExposed.org).
Protein intake and dehydration
14


        The excretion of 1 gram of urea nitrogen requires
         40 – 60 mL of additional water.

        increased protein intakes translated into an
         increased water requirement (i.e., +250 mL water
         per 6 grams of dietary nitrogen in a 500 Kcal diet)
         for excretion of urea nitrogen. (Calloway & Spector, 1954).
Evidence in healthy individuals
15


        A randomized comparison of the effects of high and
         low protein diets on renal function.
        65 obese, but otherwise healthy subjects adhered to a
         low or high protein diet for six months
        individuals suggested that high protein diets did not
         present a health concern with regard to renal function
         their study population
                                                             Cont,
Evidence in healthy individuals, cont
16


        In the high protein group, both kidney size and GFR
         were significantly increased from that measured at
         baseline.

        No changes in albumin excretion despite acute
         changes in renal function and size (Skov et al, 1999).
Athletes
17


        Athletes, particularly in sports requiring strength
         and power, consume high levels of dietary protein in
         excess of 2.0 g/kg/day.
        Supplementation with amino acids will further
         increase dietary protein levels in these individuals.
        Yet there is no evidence that this population is at
         greater risk for kidney disease or losses in renal
         function (Chen et al, 1989).
Dietary protein and kidney stones
18


        Excessive protein intake increases excretion of
         potentially lithogenic substances such as calcium and
         uric acid.
        Reddy et al (2002) noted that consumption of a
         high protein diet for six weeks was associated
         aciduria and urinary calcium and claimed that this
         constituted increased risk of stone formation in ten
         healthy subjects although none of the ten subjects
         developed renal stones.
metabolic dysfunction and stones
19


        It is not likely that diet alone causes kidney stone
         formation.
        Rather, metabolic abnormalities are typically the
         underlying cause.
        A preexisting metabolic dysfunction before dietary
         protein intake can exert an effect relative to stone
         formation (Raj et al, 2004).
Protein-induced changes in renal function are
        likely a normal adaptive mechanism well
     within the functional limits of a healthy kidney.

20   Conclusion
Selective references
21
        Metges CC, Barth CA. Metabolic consequences of a high dietary-protein intake in adulthood: assessment of the
         available evidence. J Nutr. 2000;130:886–889.
        Sugaya K, Ogawa Y, Hatano T, Koyama Y, Miyazato T, Naito A, Yonou H, Kagawa H. Compensatory renal
         hypertrophy and changes of renal function following nephrectomy. Hinyokika Kiyo.2000;46:235–240.
        Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat,
         Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)Washington, D.C. , The National Academies Press;
         2002. Macronutrient and Healthful Diets; pp. 609–696.
        Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, Hogg RJ, Perrone RD, Lau J, Eknoyan G. National Kidney
         Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern
         Med. 2003;139:137–147.
        Johnson CA. Creating practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: an insider's view. Am Fam Physician.
         2004;70:823–824.
        Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Eberhardt MS, LaVeist TA, Kington RS, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Excess risk of chronic kidney
         disease among African-American versus white subjects in the United States: a population-based study of potential
         explanatory factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2363–2370. doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000026493.18542.6A
        Johnson DW, Mudge DW, Sturtevant JM, Hawley CM, Campbell SB, Isbel NM, Hollett P. Predictors of decline of
         residual renal function in new peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2003;23:276–283.
        Beto JA, Bansal VK. Medical nutrition therapy in chronic kidney failure: integrating clinical practice guidelines.
         Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104:404–409. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.12.028.
        Chen JD, Wang JF, Li KJ, Zhao YW, Wang SW, Jiao Y, Hou XY. Nutritional problems and measures in elite and
         amateur athletes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:1084–1089.
        Raj GV, Auge BK, Assimos D, Preminger GM. Metabolic abnormalities associated with renal calculi in patients with
         horseshoe kidneys. J Endourol. 2004;18:157–161. doi: 10.1089/089277904322959798.
Selective references
22
        Hammond KA, Janes DN. The effects of increased protein intake on kidney size and function. J Exp Biol. 1998;201 (
         Pt 13):2081–2090.
        Bankir L, Martin H, Dechaux M, Ahloulay M. Plasma cAMP: a hepatorenal link influencing proximal reabsorption
         and renal hemodynamics? Kidney Int Suppl. 1997; Suppl 59:S50–6.
        Conrad KP, Novak J, Danielson LA, Kerchner LJ, Jeyabalan A. Mechanisms of renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration
         during pregnancy: current perspectives and potential implications for preeclampsia.Endothelium. 2005;12:57–62.
        Conrad KP. Mechanisms of renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration during pregnancy. J Soc Gynecol Investig.
         2004;11:438–448. doi: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.05.002.
        Brenner BM, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role
         of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging,
         renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:652–659.
        Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of
         diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med.1996;124:627–632.
        AtkinsExposed.org http://www.atkinsexposed.org/atkins/79/American_Kidney_Fund.htm
        Calloway DH, Spector H. Nitrogen balance as related to caloric and protein intake in active young men. Am J Clin
         Nutr. 1954;2:405–412.
        Skov AR, Toubro S, Bulow J, Krabbe K, Parving HH, Astrup A. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced
         by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1170–1177.
         doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801048.
        Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY. Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base
         balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis.2002;40:265–274. doi:
         10.1053/ajkd.2002.34504.

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Renal disease & protein

  • 1. Renal Disease & Protein Dr. Mohammed Ellulu
  • 2. Introduction 2  Habitual consumption of dietary protein in excess of recommended amounts promotes chronic renal disease through increased glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration (Metges & Barth, 2000).  Hyperfiltration in response to various physiological stimuli is a normal adaptive mechanism (Sugaya et al, 2000).
  • 3. Protein intake 3  High protein (HP) diets will be defined as a daily consumption of greater than or equal to 1.5 g/kg/day, which is almost twice the current Recommended Dietary Allowance but within the range of current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for protein.  The Institute of Medicine DRI report suggested an acceptable macronutrient distribution range of 10– 35% of total energy for protein intake (Food and Nutrition Board, 2002).
  • 4. overview of chronic kidney disease 4  CKD defined as either kidney damage or a decline in renal function as determined by decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for three or more months (Levey et al, 2003)  According to the National Kidney Foundation guidelines, CKD is classified into five stages, as one progresses from stage 1 to 5 there is a concomitant decline in GFR and thus renal function. The final stage, known as end stage renal disease, represents the most severe manifestation of CKD (Johnson, 2004).
  • 5. Risk factors of CKD (Tarver-Carr et al, 2002) 5 Non-modifiable risk factors Modifiable risk factors Race Physical inactivity Gender Smoking Age Obesity Family history Hypertension (2nd cause)
  • 6. 6 Dietary protein and renal function
  • 7. Dietary protein and renal function 7  Regression analysis showed an association between increased consumption of animal protein and a decline in renal function; suggesting that high total protein intake may accelerate renal disease leading to a progressive loss of renal capacity.  Johnson et al (2003), showed protein intake as a possible risk factor for progressive loss of remaining renal function in dialysis patients.
  • 8. The National Kidney Foundation 8  The National Kidney Foundation recommended it is important to note that these recommendations are not indicated for individuals with normal renal function (Beto & Bansal, 2003).
  • 9. Dietary protein and renal disease: 9  Hammond and Janes (1998) demonstrated an independent effect of increased protein intake on renal hypertrophy in mice. In this study, changes in renal function (i.e., increased glomerular filtration rate and renal hypertrophy) were observed.  Increased glucagon secretion in response to protein administration induced hyperfiltration subsequent to "pancreato-hepatorenal cascade" (Bankir et al, 1997).
  • 10. Renal function adaptation 10  The possibility that protein-induced changes in renal function are a normal physiological adaptation to nitrogen load and increased demands for renal clearance is supported by changes noted in renal structure and function during pregnancy (Conrad et al, 2005).  e.g. GFR increases by as much as 65% in healthy women during pregnancy (Conrad, 2004).
  • 11. The Brenner Hypothesis 11  In brief, situations associated with increased glomerular filtration and glomerular pressure cause renal injury, ultimately compromise renal function, and potentially increase the risk for progression of renal disease.  Brenner proposed that habitual consumption of excessive dietary protein negatively impacted kidney function by a sustained increased in glomerular pressure and renal hyperfiltration (Brenner et al, 1982).
  • 12. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease 12  Patients with lower total protein intake would have a longer time to renal failure and suggested that a lower protein intake postponed the progression of advanced renal disease; especially for diabetic patients (Pedrini et al, 1996).
  • 13. Dietary protein and renal strain 13  The word "strain" is misleading given its negative connotation.  Increased dietary protein "strains" the kidney via increased urea production, and causes dehydration and accumulation of blood urea nitrogen (AtkinsExposed.org).
  • 14. Protein intake and dehydration 14  The excretion of 1 gram of urea nitrogen requires 40 – 60 mL of additional water.  increased protein intakes translated into an increased water requirement (i.e., +250 mL water per 6 grams of dietary nitrogen in a 500 Kcal diet) for excretion of urea nitrogen. (Calloway & Spector, 1954).
  • 15. Evidence in healthy individuals 15  A randomized comparison of the effects of high and low protein diets on renal function.  65 obese, but otherwise healthy subjects adhered to a low or high protein diet for six months  individuals suggested that high protein diets did not present a health concern with regard to renal function their study population  Cont,
  • 16. Evidence in healthy individuals, cont 16  In the high protein group, both kidney size and GFR were significantly increased from that measured at baseline.  No changes in albumin excretion despite acute changes in renal function and size (Skov et al, 1999).
  • 17. Athletes 17  Athletes, particularly in sports requiring strength and power, consume high levels of dietary protein in excess of 2.0 g/kg/day.  Supplementation with amino acids will further increase dietary protein levels in these individuals.  Yet there is no evidence that this population is at greater risk for kidney disease or losses in renal function (Chen et al, 1989).
  • 18. Dietary protein and kidney stones 18  Excessive protein intake increases excretion of potentially lithogenic substances such as calcium and uric acid.  Reddy et al (2002) noted that consumption of a high protein diet for six weeks was associated aciduria and urinary calcium and claimed that this constituted increased risk of stone formation in ten healthy subjects although none of the ten subjects developed renal stones.
  • 19. metabolic dysfunction and stones 19  It is not likely that diet alone causes kidney stone formation.  Rather, metabolic abnormalities are typically the underlying cause.  A preexisting metabolic dysfunction before dietary protein intake can exert an effect relative to stone formation (Raj et al, 2004).
  • 20. Protein-induced changes in renal function are likely a normal adaptive mechanism well within the functional limits of a healthy kidney. 20 Conclusion
  • 21. Selective references 21  Metges CC, Barth CA. Metabolic consequences of a high dietary-protein intake in adulthood: assessment of the available evidence. J Nutr. 2000;130:886–889.  Sugaya K, Ogawa Y, Hatano T, Koyama Y, Miyazato T, Naito A, Yonou H, Kagawa H. Compensatory renal hypertrophy and changes of renal function following nephrectomy. Hinyokika Kiyo.2000;46:235–240.  Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)Washington, D.C. , The National Academies Press; 2002. Macronutrient and Healthful Diets; pp. 609–696.  Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, Hogg RJ, Perrone RD, Lau J, Eknoyan G. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:137–147.  Johnson CA. Creating practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: an insider's view. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:823–824.  Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Eberhardt MS, LaVeist TA, Kington RS, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Excess risk of chronic kidney disease among African-American versus white subjects in the United States: a population-based study of potential explanatory factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2363–2370. doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000026493.18542.6A  Johnson DW, Mudge DW, Sturtevant JM, Hawley CM, Campbell SB, Isbel NM, Hollett P. Predictors of decline of residual renal function in new peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2003;23:276–283.  Beto JA, Bansal VK. Medical nutrition therapy in chronic kidney failure: integrating clinical practice guidelines. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104:404–409. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.12.028.  Chen JD, Wang JF, Li KJ, Zhao YW, Wang SW, Jiao Y, Hou XY. Nutritional problems and measures in elite and amateur athletes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:1084–1089.  Raj GV, Auge BK, Assimos D, Preminger GM. Metabolic abnormalities associated with renal calculi in patients with horseshoe kidneys. J Endourol. 2004;18:157–161. doi: 10.1089/089277904322959798.
  • 22. Selective references 22  Hammond KA, Janes DN. The effects of increased protein intake on kidney size and function. J Exp Biol. 1998;201 ( Pt 13):2081–2090.  Bankir L, Martin H, Dechaux M, Ahloulay M. Plasma cAMP: a hepatorenal link influencing proximal reabsorption and renal hemodynamics? Kidney Int Suppl. 1997; Suppl 59:S50–6.  Conrad KP, Novak J, Danielson LA, Kerchner LJ, Jeyabalan A. Mechanisms of renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration during pregnancy: current perspectives and potential implications for preeclampsia.Endothelium. 2005;12:57–62.  Conrad KP. Mechanisms of renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration during pregnancy. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2004;11:438–448. doi: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.05.002.  Brenner BM, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:652–659.  Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med.1996;124:627–632.  AtkinsExposed.org http://www.atkinsexposed.org/atkins/79/American_Kidney_Fund.htm  Calloway DH, Spector H. Nitrogen balance as related to caloric and protein intake in active young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1954;2:405–412.  Skov AR, Toubro S, Bulow J, Krabbe K, Parving HH, Astrup A. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1170–1177. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801048.  Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY. Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis.2002;40:265–274. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34504.