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Narration of Direct and Indirect Speech	 کسیآدمیکےذریعہکیجانیوالیگفتگو ، صلاھ، خبروغیرہدوطرحسےکیجاتیہے۔ Direct Speech & Indirect Speech
جبکسیآدمیکےقولکواُسیکےالفاظمیںبیانکریںتووہڈائریکٹاسپیچکہلاتیہے۔ جیسے Ali said to Salma, “I am always with you.” انڈائریکٹاسپیچہمکسیآدمیکےقولکواپنےالفاظوںمیںبیانکریںتووہانڈائریکٹاسپیچکہلاتیہے۔ جیسے Ali told Salma that he(Ali) was always with her.
Person ہرجملےکودوحصوںمیںظاہرکرتےہیں۔ پہلاحصہکہلاتاہے۔  reporting speech  اسکوسمجھنےکےلیےہم RV سےظاہرکرتےہیں۔
اوردوسراحصہجسکو COMMAS میںلکھتےہیں۔ یہاںاسکوہم RS سےظاہرکرتےہیں۔   مثلا He says, “ I am Writing a book”  Reported Speech (Rs) Reporting Verb (Rv)
First PersonکےRvکوجملہکےsubject کےمطابقبدلاجاتاہے۔ subject  کاجوبحیpersonہوگاR.s کےfrist person pronounکاوہیpersonہوجائےگا۔
He Says, “I am writing a book(D. S)He says that he is writing a book(ind. S)They say, “we don’t want any more”they say that they don’t want any more
second person (you, your, thou, thy, thine)کےRv Pronounکےobject یعنیکہRsکےپہلےآنیوالےobject  کےمطابقبدلجاتاہے۔ objectکاجوبحیpersonہوگا۔ Rs میںآنیوالےsecond person  کےpronoun کاوہیpersonہوجاءےگا۔
جیسے1) She says to me, “you write a letter”she tells me that I write a letter.2) Ali says to Umar, “you are my friend”Ali tells Umar that he(umar) is his friend
یادرکحوسارےنامThird personہوتےہیںجیسےAli says, “He is my friend .”Ali Says that he is his (ali’s) friendThird Person can’t changed
Change of TenseجبPresent( says, say, tells, tell, will tell, shall say etc) or R.vin future tenseمیںہوR.sکاجملہنہیںبدلتاہے۔ pronounکےchangeاصولوںکےمطابقہوتےہیں۔ جیسے
1) Najma will say, “I see a picture”Najma will say that she sees a picture2) Alia says, “ I love my children.”Alia says that she loves her children
جبPast Tense( said, asked, told etc.) R.vمیںہوتوRs کےTense اُسیکےtenseکےمطابقpast میںبدلدیتےہیں
اگرRV کےبعدOBJECT ہوتوsaidکوtoldمیںبدلتےہیںورنہنہیں
1) Present indfinite change into past indefinite2) Present continuous change into past continuous3) present perfect change into past perfect 4) Present prefect continuous change into past perfect continuousلکیناگرRsکاpast ind. Tense ہوگاتوRs کےجملہکوpast perfectبدلتےہیں
لیکناگرRs کاpast indefinite tenseہوگا۔ توRsکےجملےکوpast perfectبدلتےہیںpast continuous کوpast perfect  continuous میںبدلدیتےہیں
اگرRsکاTense past perfectیاpast perfect continuous ہوتوindirect کرتےوقتیہنہیںبدلتا
اگرکوئیhabitual fact, historical fact, universal truth وغیرR.s میںہوتوجملےمیںکوئیفرقنہیںپڑتاجیسےThe teacher sasid, “Honesty is the best policy.”The teacher said that honesty is the best policy
حسبذیلکودھیانسےپڑحواورسمجحو
Interrogative sentences	 اگرسوالکاجوابہاںیانامیںتو Rv کو Asked, enquired of  میںبدلکر Inverted commas ہٹاکر If کااستعمالکرتےہیں۔ اورسوالیہجملہکوسادہفقرےمیںبدلتےہیںاورباقیقواعدبدستوررہتےہیں۔
1) He said to me, “ can you help me?” He asked me if I could help him  2) Zafar said to me, “ What is your name.” Zafar asked me what my name was. Zafar asked my name.
Imperative Sentences	 انجملوںمیںالتجاءاجازتحکمصلاھوغیرہکااظہارہوتاہے۔ انکوبدلتےوقت RV  کوموقعکےمطابق Request, advise, forbid, command, ask, order میںبدلدیتےہیںاوروربکیپہلیفامسےپہلے To  لگادیتےہیں۔
Imperative Sentences	 1) He said to me, “ Bring me a glass of water” He ordered me to bring him a glass of water 2) Ali said to me, “ Please help me” Ali requested me to help him (Ali) 3) Ali said to me, “do not go there” Ali forbade me to go there.
Exclamatory sentences انجملوںمیںافسوس ،دکح، خیرت، تعجبغصہوغیرہکیحالتظاہرکرتیہے۔ انجملوںمیں Hurrah, alas, oh, ah, bravo  وغیرہلگادیتےہیں۔ انجملوںکوبدلتےوقت Rvکو Exclaimed میں بدلدیتےہیں۔ اور
Exclamatory sentences Rs کے Interjection Alas  کو Oh, with sorrow, hurrah  کو With joy, with surprise  میںبدلکر Rv کےساتحجوڑدیتےہیں۔ اور That لگاتےہیں۔  They said,  “ alas! My only son is dead.” She exclaimed with sorrow that her only son was dead

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