1. The Road to WWII
1919-1941

2. Vladimir Lenin-USSR

3. Treaty of Versailles

5. Hall of Mirrors

6. Treaty of Versailles
• Territorial
• The following land was taken away from Germany :
• Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
• Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
• Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
• Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
• West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the
League of Nations and the people of these regions would be
allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future
referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas
colonies.
• Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states :
Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also
received some of this land

7. Treaty of Versailles
• Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the
army was not allowed tanks
• Germany was not allowed an airforce
• Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and
no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the
River Rhine was made into a demilitarized zone
(DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed
into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of
occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15
years.

8. Treaty of Versailles
• Financial
• The loss of vital industrial territory would be
a severe blow to Germany’s economy. Coal
from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular
was a vital economic loss.
• Germany had to pay $33 billion to the
Allies(GB/France).
• Germany was also forbidden to unite with
Austria to form one superstate.

9. Treaty of Versailles
• General
• 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war.
This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause".
• 2. Germany, as it was responsible for starting the war as stated
in clause 231, was therefore responsible for all the war damage
caused by the First World War. Therefore, they had to pay
reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium
to pay for the damage done to both countries by the war. The
figure was eventually put at $33 billion .
• 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.

10. The German reaction to the
Treaty of Versailles
• There was anger throughout Germany
when the terms were made public.
• The Treaty became known as a Diktat -
as it was being forced on them and the
Germans had no choice but to sign it.
• Many in Germany did not want the Treaty
signed
• German representatives there knew that
they had no choice as Germany was
incapable of restarting the war again.

11. The Allies Reaction to Treaty of
Versailles
• At first, the treaty seemed to satisfy the Big Three(US, GB,
France)
• Allies believed it was a just peace as it kept Germany weak yet
strong enough to stop the spread of communism
• kept the French border with Germany safe from another
German attack and created the League of Nations that would
end warfare throughout the world
• When Wilson brought treaty back to the US Senate for
ratification, the Senate refused to sign it. Why?
• Most countries ultimately were unhappy with the treaty and the
results of WWI. Why?

12. Were the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles actually carried out ?
• Germany’s navy was reduced to 6 battleships with no submarines.
This happened. Germany could not afford battleships in the aftermath
of the war and most navies were now moving to smaller, faster ships
that could also carry weapons that carried a punch - such as cruisers.
Aircraft carriers were also being developed with greater commitment.
• No air force was allowed. This happened but potential pilots were
trained abroad or used gliders in Germany to educate them in the
theory of flying. This did not break Versailles.
• Western Germany was to be demilitarized. This happened.
• Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria. This happened.
• Germany had to accept the "War Guilt Clause" and pay reparations.
The former happened because Germany signed the Treaty which
meant that it accepted this term on paper. Germany did try and pay
reparations when it could do so. Germany simply could not produce
enough to keep up. In the 1920’s it was the Allies who took the
decision to reduce reparations and eased Germany’s struggle in so
doing. The first instance of refusal to pay reparations came in 1933
when Hitler announced that Germany would not pay - and the Allies
did nothing.

13. Weimar Republic

14. Weimer Republic
• Why did it fail in Germany?

15. League of Nations
• What is it?
• What were it’s weaknesses?

16. League of Nations

18. Benito Mussolini

19. Washington Naval Conference-
1921

20. 4 Power Pact
• a treaty signed by the United States, Great
Britain, France and Japan at the Washington
Naval Conference in 1921.
• countries agreed to respect each others
possessions in the Pacific and not seek further
territory

21. 5 Power Pact
• Signed by Great Britain, the United States,
Japan, France, and Italy
• Designed to prevent an arm’s race
• It limited the construction of battleships,
battle cruisers and aircraft carriers
• Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers or
submarines

22. 9 Power Pact
• Guaranteed Chinese independence and
upheld the Open Door Policy
• Signed by the United States, Japan,
China, France, Great Britain, Italy,
Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal

23. Hitler as a baby in Austria

25. Mussolini and Hitler

26. Adolf Hitler

28. Mein Kampf

29. Mein Kampf “My Struggle”
Excerpts
• “If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other
peoples of the world, his crown will be the funeral wreath of humanity and this
planet will, as it did thousands of years ago, move through the ether devoid of
men.”
• “Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the
Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the
work of the Lord.”
• “Here he stops at nothing, and in his vileness he becomes so gigantic that no
one need be surprised if among our people the personification of the devil as
the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew.”
• “With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the
unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her
people. With every means he tries to destroy the racial foundations of the
people he has set out to subjugate. Just as he himself systematically ruins
women and girls, he does not shrink back from pulling down the blood barriers
for others, even on a large scale. It was and it is Jews who bring the Negroes
into the Rhineland, always with the same secret thought and clear aim of
ruining the hated white race by the necessarily resulting bastardization,
throwing it down from its cultural and political height, and himself rising to be
its master.”

30. Nazi Propaganda
• "All propaganda must be so popular and on such
an intellectual level, that even the most stupid of
those toward whom it is directed will understand
it... Through clever and constant application of
propaganda, people can be made to see
paradise as hell, and also the other way around,
to consider the most wretched sort of life as
paradise."
• -- Adolf Hitler

37. More Posters
• Nazi Posters: 1933-1945

38. The Holocaust
• The genocide of approximately six million European
Jews during World War II
• A program of systematic state-sponsored extermination
by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
• Approximately two-thirds of the population of nine million
Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
• Some say that the definition of the Holocaust should also
include the Nazis' killing of millions of people in other
groups from Germany and other occupied territory
• By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims
would be between 11 million and 17 million people

39. Who was inferior according to
Hitler?
1. Jews(6 million dead)
2. Gypsies(500,000 to 1.5 million)
3. mentally/physically handicapped people(75,000 to 250,000)
4. Soviet Slavs/POW’s/Troops-(16.5 million)The Russian Academy of Science
in 1995 reported civilian victims in the USSR, including Jews, at German hands totaled 13.7
million dead including 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide, 2.2 million deaths of persons
deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied
territory. German captors killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet POWs through starvation,
exposure, and execution
5. Poles(2.5 million dead)
6. Homosexuals(5-15 thousand dead)
7. communists/socialists(many but number not confirmed)
8. dark skinned people(death and forced sterilization)
9. mixed races-"The mulatto children came about through rape or
the white mother was a whore," Adolf Hitler
10. Jehovah’s Witnesses(2,500-5,000)

40. What is the Aryan Race?
• misused by the Nazis to mean a so-called
master race that originated around
Germany
• perfect Aryan was blonde, blue-eyed, tall
and muscular.
• The original term refers to a people
speaking a Indo-European dialect.

41. Lebensborn-Fount of Life
• The program aimed to promote the growth of
"superior" Aryan populations by providing
excellent health care and living conditions to
women and by restricting access to those
deemed “fit”
• Houses were set up throughout Germany and
many occupied territories
• Many Lebensborn children were born to unwed
mothers which helped lead to many rumors of
rape.
• Contrary to widespread rumors, women were not
forced to have relations with Aryan Germans

42. Hitler’s Jewish Question
1933
• Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all
citizens in 1933-Never restored.
• The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at
Dachau in 1933. The first inmates are 200
Communists.
• Jews are prohibited from working as civil
servants, doctors in the National Health Service,
and teachers in public high schools. All but few
Jewish students are banned from public high
schools and colleges.

43. Nuremburg Laws 1935
1. Took away German citizenship from Jews thus making
Jews second class citizens by removing their basic
civil rights.
2. established membership in the Jewish race as being
anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or
had three or four Jewish grandparents. People with
one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be
mixed race.
- eventually anyone with at least one Jewish
grandparent was at risk in Nazi Germany
3. Jews could only marry Jews
4. No sexual relations between non-Jewish Germans and
Jews

44. 1936
• Nazis boycott Jewish-owned businesses

45. Kristallnacht-1938
“Night of the Broken Glass”
• On the nights of November 9 and 10, 1938,
gangs of Nazi youth roamed through Jewish
neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish
businesses and homes, burning synagogues
and looting.
• In all, 101 synagogues were destroyed and
almost 7,500 Jewish businesses were
destroyed. 26,000 Jews were arrested and sent
to concentration camps.
• Jews were physically attacked and beaten and
91 died in the attack.

46. Kristallnacht

47. Kristallnacht

48. 1938-Cont.
• All Jewish children are expelled from
public schools in Germany and Austria.
• Nazis take control of Jewish-owned
businesses.

49. 1939
• Hitler orders the
systematic murder of
the mentally and
physically disabled in
Germany and Austria
• Jews are required to
wear armbands or
yellow stars

50. 1940
• Nazis begin deporting
German Jews to
Poland
• Jews are forced into
ghettos
• Nazis begin the first
mass murder of Jews
in Poland

51. 1941
• Jews throughout Eastern Europe are
forced into ghettos
• In two days, German units shoot 33,771
Ukrainian Jews at BabiYar- the largest
single massacre of the Holocaust
• The death camp at Chelmno in Poland
begins murdering Jews

52. 1942
• Nazi officials announce "Final Solution"- their
plan to kill all European Jews
• Five death camps begin operation in Poland:
Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec, and
Auschwitz-Birkenau
• Ghettos of Eastern Europe are being emptied as
thousands of Jews are shipped to death camps.
• The United States, Great Britian, and the Soviet
Union acknowledge that Germans are
exterminating the Jews of Europe.

53. 1943
• Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resist as the
Nazis begin new rounds of deportations.
These Jews hold out for nearly a month
before the Nazis put down the uprising.

54. 1944
• Hitler takes over Hungary and begins
deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each
day to Auschwitz where they are
murdered

55. 1945
• Hitler is defeated and World War II ends in
Europe.
• The Holocaust is over and the death
camps are emptied.
• Many survivors are placed in displaced
persons camps until they find a country
willing to accept them.

56. 1947
• The United Nations establishes a Jewish
homeland in British- controlled Palestine,
which becomes the State of Israel in 1948.

59. Auschwitz

60. Nazi Death Camps

62. Nazi Science Experiments
• Nazi Science in the
Camps
• Mengele's Children -
The Twins of
Auschwitz Page 2
• Josef Mengele was
the chief physician at
Auschwitz

63. Iosif Jughashvili/Joseph Stalin

65. Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Afghanistan, Finland, Peru, Albania,
• Guatemala, Portugal, Austria, Hungary,
• Rumania, Bulgaria, Iceland, Russia, China
Latvia, Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes, Denmark, Lithuania, Siam,
• Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Spain,
Egypt, Nicaragua, Sweden, Estonia,
• Norway, Turkey, Ethiopia, Panama, Cuba,
Liberia

66. Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

67. Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
• What did this affair prove ?
1.The League could not enforce its authority.
2.A major power could get away with using force
3.An issue so far from Europe was not likely to
attract the whole-hearted support of the major
European powers in the League - Britain and
France.
4. Great Britain was more concerned with it’s
territories in the Far East than in the
maintenance of law and order.
5. Other powers would see this as a sign that
they too could get away with the use of force
6. The League also lost its most powerful
member in the Far East and ultimately Japan
was to unite with the two other nations that
broke League rules - Germany and Italy.

68. Franklin Roosevelt vs
Herbert Hoover

69. 1932 Election

70. Good Neighbor Policy

71. Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini 1936
• Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at the
1896 Battle of Adua
• one of the worst colonial disasters of
modern history
• Feb. 23, 1935, Italy sends large forces into
Ethiopia
• Oct. 7, 1935, League declared Italy the
aggressor

73. Italy/Ethiopia Invasion
• Nov. 18 , 1935, Leagues sanctions begin
-arms embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian
goods
• Feb. 1936 - League could not agree on critical oil sanctions mainly
because FDR refused - U.S. controlled 50% world oil trade
• Feb. 29, 1936, FDR signed the 1936 Neutrality Act
1. mandatory arms embargo with warring nations
2. mandatory ban on loans to warring nations
• May 5 - Italy occupied Addis Ababa - annexed all Ethiopia May 9

74. Generalisimo Francisco Franco and
the Spanish Civil War

75. FDR vs. Alf Landon 1936

76. Election of 1936

77. Rome-Berlin Axis

78. China Incident

80. Quarantine Speech

85. Panay Incident

86. Anschluss with Austria

88. Sudetenland/Munich Conference-
1938

89. Munich Conference
• Neville Chamberlain-Great Britain
• Adolf Hitler-Germany
• Benito Mussolini-Italy
• Edouard Daladier-France

90. Munich Conference
Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”

91. Winston Churchill

92. Soviet-German Non-aggression
Pact
German ambassador
von Ribbentrop and
Soviet dictator Stalin
laugh as Molotov
signs the Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact
on August 23, 1939.

93. Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
• Russia gave raw materials to Germany in
exchange for money and weapons
• Both agreed to stay neutral if the other
entered the war
• Secretly agreed to invade and split
Poland. Germany would get the western
half and USSR the eastern half
• Russia would get Finland, Estonia and
Latvia and Germany would get Lithuania

94. How did the world react to this
pact?
• Shock
• Poland was scared
• Hitler thought it would force Great Britain
and France to back out of their promise to
help Poland if attacked

95. German invasion of Poland

97. William Luksenburg
Describes the first night of the German invasion of
Poland
• “Things began to change right the first night. The first
night there were blackouts all over town. They would have
a curfew. After dark, nobody's supposed to leave the
house. The first memorable night is, was, when I...when
some of our neighbors tried to...a young man tried to cross
the street and he didn't realize just crossing the street, uh,
would...would break, breach the curfew and a German
soldier said, "Halt," and he kept on running. And he got
machine-gunned all the way across, and he fell right in
front of our house. So the Germans started yelling, all the
men "'Raus" [Get out], all the men out to help carry the
body in and made me carry the body with four other
persons. And because, the way he was machine-gunned, he
was completely like cut in half. When I got home I was
completely covered with blood, and I remember when I got
into the house, my mother looked at me completely
covered.There was something...such an awful thing to see
first time. I was just absolutely covered with blood, and I
always remember my mother's, uh, expression and my
mother's fear and my mother's cry out when she saw me
completely covered with blood and that was the first night,
the first expression what was...We didn't know what's
coming and it was a horrible thing, that first night.”

98. Blitzkrieg-Lightning War
The Concept of Blitzkrieg.
1. Airforce attacks enemy front-line and rear positions, main roads,
airfields and communication centers. At the same time, infantry
attacks on the entire frontline and engages enemy.
2. Tank(panzer) units breakthrough main lines of defense and advance
deeper into enemy territory. While following, mechanized units pursue
and engage defenders preventing them from establishing defensive
positions. Infantry continues to engage enemy for the same reason.
3. Infantry attacks enemy flanks in order to link up with other groups to
complete the attack and eventually encircle the enemy and/or capture
strategic position.
4. Mechanized groups go deeper into the enemy territory outflanking the
enemy positions and preventing withdrawing troops and defenders
from establishing effective defensive positions.
5. Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the
enemy.
6. Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible

103. Sitzkrieg-The Phony War

105. Tripartite Pact is signed
Axis Powers

106. Axis Powers
• Main Powers:
Germany, Italy
Japan
• Other Powers:
Albania, Bulgaria,
Finland, Romania,
Thailand, Hungary

108. Allied Powers
• Main Powers: Great
Britain, Soviet Union,
United States, China,
France
• Latin America:
Argentina, Bolivia,
Mexico, Paraguay,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, El
Salvador, Ecuador,
Guatamala, Haiti,
Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama, Peru,
Venezueala

109. Allied Powers
• Europe: Belgium, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, Greece, Norway,
Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, San
Marino, Turkey, Yugoslavia
• Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South
Africa
• Asia/Other: China, India, Iran, Iraq,
Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, New
Zealand, Australia, Canada

110. German Invasion of Denmark and Norway

112. French and German Plans for
the Battle of France 1940

113. Maginot Line

114. Maginot Line
• Maginot line - visual visit - thionville
fortification system

116. Miracle of Dunkirk

117. German Advances until the Armistice-Battle of France: June 4-22, 1940

120. Vichy Goverment
• Led by Marshal Henri
Petain

121. Free French Underground
• Led by Charles de
Gaulle

122. Europe prior to the Battle of Britain-July, 1940

123. Winston Churchill

124. "What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that
the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the
survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life and
the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and
might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us now. Hitler knows
that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand
up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move
forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world,
including the United States, including all that we have known and cared
for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age, made more sinister, and
perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us
therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the
British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will
say, "This was their finest hour."
Winston Churchill

125. Nazi Goals
1. Destroy the Royal Air Force(before
invasion was possible-hopefully by 9-15)
2. Attack and destroy the British Navy
3. Attack British troops
**Germany never succeeded in achieving #1
**German bombers did so poorly against the
RAF that they started bombing at night
only
**Great Britain was aided heavily by the
radar and Ultra

126. Stages
1. Preliminary raids on GB ships
2. Stage 1: Attack the Royal Air Force
3. Stage 2: Intensified raids on RAF
4. Stage 3: Started attacking London and
other cities

127. Battle of Britain

128. Royal Air Force

129. Luftwaffe
• Messerschmitt Bf 109 • Herman Goering

131. British Propaganda
Battle of Britain

132. Bases for Destroyers
• Great Britain gave us 99 year
leases on the following bases:
• Antigua - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
Base
British Guiana - Naval Air Station,
Sea Plane Base
Jamaica - Naval Air Station, Sea
Plane Base
St. Lucia - Naval Air Station, Sea
Plane Base
Bermuda - Naval Air Station, Sea
Plane Base
Newfoundland - Three Army Air
Force Bases (Pepperell, Goose Bay
and Stephenville), Naval Operating
Base Argentia and numerous Marine
and Army Bases and Detachments,
88 in total
Trinidad - Naval Operating Base,
Naval Air Station, Sea Plane Base,
Lighter Than Air (Blimp) Base and
Radio Station
• US gave Great
Britain old
destroyers:

133. 1940 Election
• FDR • Wendell Wilkie

134. 1940 Election

135. FDR Signs the Lend-Lease Act

138. German U-boat Warfare
• 1939 : 222 ships sunk (114 by
submarine)
• 1940 : 1059 ships sunk (471 by
submarine)
• 1941 : 1328 ships sunk (432 by
submarine)
• 1942 : 1661 ships sunk (1159 by
submarine)
• 1943 : 597 ships sunk (463 by
submarine)
• 1944 : 247 ships sunk (132 by
submarine)
• 1945 : 105 ships sunk (56 by
submarine)

139. Atlantic Charter

140. • THE ATLANTIC CHARTER-FDR/Churchill
• Spring 1941
• No territorial gain
• No territorial changes without the peoples
support form those countries
• Self-determination
• Free trade
• Destruction of the Nazis and then setting up
a peaceful governmet in Germany
• Freedom of the seas
• Abandon the use of force, disarmament and
a stronger League of Nation

141. German Invasion of USSR
• Final Plan for
Operation
Barbarossa

143. Scorched Earth Policy
• Stalin demanded this
of the Soviet troops
as they retreated
• What is this?

145. Operation Typhoon:
Battle of Moscow
September 30 - December 5, 1941

146. • The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive
December 6, 1941 - April 30, 1942

147. Japan vs. The United States
December 7, 1941

148. Japan Invades French Indochina 1941

150. Japanese Leaders
• Hideki Tojo • Emperor Hirohito

151. Admiral Yamamoto

152. Admiral Nagumo

153. Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941

154. Pearl Harbor

159. USS Arizona Memorial
• The names of the
Arizona’s dead are
engraved on this white
marble wall at the
memorial.
•

161. Pearl Harbor Today
West Oahu
Pearl Harbor

162. Pearl Harbor Propaganda

163. Remember Pearl Harbor
• This was one of the
most patriotic songs
during World War II.
It was played at family
and religious
gatherings throughout
the country.

164. December 8, 1941

166. FDR’s War Speech
• FDR’s War Speech