Anatomy and Physiology Cell Transport and The Cell Cycle

1. Cell Transportation
Mr. Hunter
Biology
Kennedy High School
09/28/2011

2. Mr. Hunter
Biology
10/02/12
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis
• Explain how substances cross the cell membrane.
• Explain the function of ion channels.
• Analyze Cell Cycle and Cell Reproduction
• Bell Ringer: What are chromosomes made of?

3. Diffusion
A. The movement of
particles from a
high concentration
to a low
concentration.
B. The process is
passive. It does
not require
energy.
C. Diffusion will
continue until an
equilibrium point
has been reached.

4. OSMOSIS A. Osmosis can be described as the
diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane.
B. Water will flow from a region of low
solute (particles that are dissolved
in a solution – ex. salt or sugar ) to a
region of high solute concentration.
C. Water will always move in a
direction to dissolve the higher
concentration of particles.

6. Facilitated Diffusion
• This process is used for
molecules that cannot
easily diffuse through
the cell membrane
• These molecules may
be insoluble in lipids or
they may be too large
to pass through the
pores of the membrane.

7. Facilitated Diffusion
• The movement of the
molecules are assisted by
carrier proteins –Specific
• These are specific proteins
within the cell membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion is a
passive process. It does not
require energy – moving
molecules down the
concentration gradient.
• Glucose has to be
transported by facilitated
diffusion – molecule is
large.

8. Ion Channels
• Ion channels transport ions
from high to low
concentration. Examples:
Na+, K+ and Cl-.
• Some ion channels are
always open others may
have gates which may open
or close in response to
stretching of the
membrane, electrical or
chemical signals.

9. Active Transport
• Active transport
requires energy
because you are going
against the
concentration gradient.
• The molecules are
moving from a low to
high concentration.

10. Na+ and K+ pump
• The Sodium-Potassium
pump is required for
moving Na+ and K+ up
their concentration
gradients.
• To function normally
some animals must
have a higher
concentration of Na+
outside the cell and K+
inside of the cell.

11. Na+ and K+ pump
• The exchange of
three Na+ ions for
two K+ ions creates
an electrical gradient
across the cell
membrane. The
outside of the cell is
+ relative to the
inside which is -.

12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Endocytosis means
in which cells ingest
external molecules.
• Pinocytosis: cell will
ingest liquids
• Phagocytosis: Cell
will ingest solids /
large particles.
• Exocytosis is the
opposite.

13. Review Questions –Cornell
No Talking During Review / Question Assignment!
1. What type of molecules are carried by facilitated
diffusion?
2. What are the name of the structures that carry
molecules across the membrane in facilitated
diffusion?
3. Will these structures carry all molecules?
4. What is the function of an ion channel?
5. Why does active transport require energy?
6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.
7. Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.

14. Chromosome Structure, Cell
Cycle and Reproduction

15. Mr. Hunter
Anatomy and Physiology 10/03/12
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Describe the structure of a chromosome
• Identify differences in chromosome structure
• Describe the events in cell division.
• Bell Ringer: List the stages of mitosis ( in the correct
order) that involve division of the nucleus. What
stage of cell reproduction involves the division of
the cytoplasm?

16. Bell Ringer 09/27/12
1. What is the
independent and
dependent variable?
2. Approximately how
many cells are
produced in 20
minutes?
3. 22 cells are produced
in approximately how
many minutes?

17. Chromosome Structure
• Chromosomes: rod
Chromosomes
shaped structures made
of DNA and protein.
• The DNA in eukaryotic
cells wrap around
proteins called histones.
These proteins help to
maintain chromosome
shape and DNA packing.

18. Chromosome Structure
• Each half of the
chromosome is called a
chromatid. Chromatids
form as the DNA makes
a copy of itself before
cell division.
• When the cell divides,
each of the new cells
will receive one
chromatid from each
chromosome.

19. Chromosome Structure
• The two chromatids of a
chromosome are attached
at the centomere region.
The centomere holds the
two together until they
separate during cell
division.
• When a cell is not dividing,
DNA is uncoiled in the form
of chromatin.
• Prokaryotic DNA consists of
one chromosome which is
circular.

20. Chromosome Type and Number
• Each species has a
characteristic number of
chromosomes in each cell.
(Table 8-1)
• Human and animal
chromosomes are
characterized as either sex
chromosomes or
autosomes.
• Sex chromosomes: X and Y.
Females XX, Males XY

21. Chromosome Type and Number
• 2 sex chromosomes and the
remaining 44 are
autosomes. Total = 46
chromosomes.
• Homologous chromosomes
are of the same size and
shape and carry genes for
the same traits. A
homologue is received from
each parent. 22 pairs of
homologous chromosomes
and 2 sex chromosomes.

22. Chromosome Type and Number
• Karyotype: picture of
chromosomes in a
normally dividing cell.
• Diploid chromosome #
is 46 chromosomes
total.
• Haploid chromosome #
is 23 chromosomes
total.

23. Review Questions
1. What are chromosomes made of?
2. What are the functions of histones?
3. What are chromatids and how do they form?
4. What is the function of a centromere?
5. Name two types of chromosomes found in animal
and human cells.
6. There are _______ total autosomes and _____
number of sex chromosomes.
7. What are homologous chromosomes?
8. What are karyotypes?
9. The diploid chromosome number is _____
10. . The haploid chromosome number is _____

24. Mr. Hunter
Biology 12/20/2011
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Compare the stages of mitosis with meiosis.
• Explain the concept of crossing over between
homologous chromosomes.
• Determine the function of cell cycle
checkpoints.
• Above via Chapter Study Guide Review A / B

25. Bell Ringer 12/13/2011
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. At approximately 2 hours
of use, what was the
highest voltage of the
Panasonic battery?
3. Which battery had the
value 0.800 volts at
approximately 9 hours of
use?

26. Bell Ringer 12/19/2011
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. In what month was the
value of product X approx.
3. $15,000?
4. In what month was the
value of product Y the
highest?
5. In Which month did
product X have the
highest value?

27. Bell Ringer 01/20/2012
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. In which month were sales
approx. $350?
3. In which month were sales
reported to be the
lowest?
4. What was the lowest
recorded approximate
value for profits?

28. Bell Ringer 01/19/2012
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. When the pressure is 300,
the approximate
temperature for the blue
liquid is ____
3. When the red liquid’s
pressure is 400, the
temperature is
approximately
__________

29. Review
Name the stages of Mitosis.

30. Biology Assignment 01/09/2012
pg. 164 (new edition) pg. 155-156 (old edition)
Due @ end of Class!!
• Compare and Contrast Sperm formation and Ovum
formation.
• Where does each occur?
• When does each process take place?
• What is the duration of each process?
• How many cells and types (haploid or diploid) are
produced by each process?
• * Information should be presented in a
• T-chart or table format *

31. PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
• Prokaryotic cells lack
nuclei and membrane
bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic DNA is not
associated with
proteins. It is a single
circle attached to the
inner surface of the
plasma membrane.
• Prokaryotic cells
reproduce by binary
fission.

32. Cell Division
• In eukaryotic cell
division , the cytoplasm
and the nucleus will
divide.
• Two types of cell
division for eukaryotic
cells: Mitosis and
Meiosis
• What structures divide
in eukaryotic cell
division?

33. Cell Division
• Mitosis results in new cells that
has identical genetic material
as the original cell.
• Mitosis occurs in organisms
undergoing growth,
development, repair or asexual
reproduction.
• What type of organisms will
mitosis occur in?
• What type of genetic material
do the cells of mitosis have?

34. Cell Division
• Meiosis occurs during the
formation of gametes.
• Gametes are haploid
reproductive cells, the egg
and sperm cells.
• Meiosis reduces the
chromosome number by
½. Ex. 23 + 23 = 46
• 2n = diploid, 1n = haploid

35. The Cell Cycle
• A repeating set of
events in the life of a
cell.
• Cell division is one
phase of the cell cycle.
• The time between cell
divisions is called
interphase. The cell
spends 90% of time
here.

36. The Cell Cycle
• The chromosomes and
cytoplasm are equally
divided between two
offspring cells.
• Cell divisions consists of
mitosis and cytokinesis
• During mitosis, the nucleus
of the cell divides.
• During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm divides.
• What structures divide in
mitosis and cytokinesis?

37. Stages of Mitosis

38. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Checkpoints are
proteins that act as
traffic signals for the
cell cycle.
• G1 checkpoint: Proteins
check has the cell
grown enough to start
cell division. G1
proteins will allow DNA
replication to occur.

39. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• DNA synthesis (G2)
checkpoint: DNA repair
checkpoint
enzymes check the
results of DNA
replication. If this
checkpoint is passed
the cell will divide by
mitosis.

40. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Mitosis Checkpoint: If
the cell passes this
checkpoint, then the
proteins signal the cell
to exit mitosis.
• The cell then enters the
G1 phase of the cycle.
• Cancer may result from
a malfunction of the
proteins that control
the cell cycle.

41. Cell Cycle Checkpoints

42. Homologous Chromosomes and Crossing Over
• During Prophase I of
Meiosis portions of
homologous
-chromosomes
exchange genetic
information with each
other.
• This leads to increased
genetic variability
(genetic recombination)
among the offspring.

43. Meiosis
Meiosis: An Interactive Animation

44. Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis: An Interactive Animation

45. Review Questions
1. What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cell division?
2. What happens in binary fission?
3. What happens to the cytoplasm and nucleus in eukaryotic
cell division?
4. What type of cells are formed by mitosis?
5. What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
6. Are gamete cells diploid or haploid? Why?
7. Name the parts of the cell cycle
8. What is the time between cell divisions called?
9. Name the steps of mitosis.
10. How many stages are there in meiosis?
11. What is cytokinesis?

46. Class Assignment
• Pg. 166 Understanding Key Concepts # 15-20
Cornell Note Format Due @ end of
Class!!!
• Critical Thinking: # 23-25 Answer in complete
sentences. Due @ end of class!!!
• Complete Study Guide Review Questions !!

47. Assignment
Mr. Hunter Biology
• Construct Cornell Notes for the following
pages: 155-157. Due @ end of class!!
• Notes should be made for the topics of :
• The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• Stages of Mitosis: prophase,
metaphse,anaphase and telophase)
• Cytokinesis

48. Assignment
Mr. Hunter Biology
• Answer Review Questions in Cornell Note
Format. Pg. 159 # 1-9
• Sketch and color fig 8-4, fig 8-5 & fig.8-6
Explain what is occurring in each figure and
each stage of the cell cycle and each stage of
Mitosis. PMAT in detail.
• Due @ end of class!!!

49. Mr. Hunter
Biology Assignment 12/14/2011
• Cell Cycle and Mitosis Worksheets.
• Pg. 166 # 1-2, 5-14 – Cornell Note Format for
#s 5-14!!
• Due @ end of Class!

50. Active and Passive Transport Quiz
12/08/2011
1. Describe the process of diffusion in terms of movement of
molecules within a concentration gradient.
2. What is the function of a carrier protein?
3. What are the differences / similarities between facilitated
diffusion and simple diffusion?
4. What determines if a molecule will go through the process
of facilitated diffusion.
5. Why does active transport require energy and facilitated
diffusion does not? What provides the energy for active
transport?
6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.
7. What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ .

51. Mr. Hunter
Biology 09/07/12
• Objective
• SWBAT
• Summarize the hierarchy of organization
within complex organisms.
• Analyze graphical data and three types of
graphs.
• Bell Ringer: List the levels of organization in a
complex living organism. pg(s). 6-7 text book.

52. Mr. Hunter
Anatomy and Physiology 09/07/12
• Objectives
• SWBAT
• Analyze information from chapter 1 text and
answer the questions on the study review
handout.

53. Bell Ringer 09/07/2012
• A scientist performed an experiment testing
the acidity of a new compound. He added
drops of the new compound to 3 different
beakers containing water. He then measured
the acidity of the solutions (compound mixed
with water) with a pH meter and graphed the
results.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• What is a possible control group?
• What is the experimental group?

54. Bell Ringer 9/29/2011
• You are the manager of a large pharmaceutical
research team. You have just developed a new drug
(Dioxitropine) that attacks cancer cells in young adults.
You are approved to test your drug on the following
groups: A – received new drug, B: -received a sugar pill,
C: received new drug and additional cancer treatments.
The number of cancer cells in Group C decreased the
most. The number for A was unchanged.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• Which group is the control group?
• What possible control factor(s) could you think of for
Group C that could decrease errors in the experiment?
• What is a possible hypothesis for the experiment?

55. Bell Ringer 09/30/2011
As a scientist you are presented with an
experiment with three plants and a new
fertilizer. Fertilizer X was added to plant A.
Fertilizer X was added to plant B. and
Fertilizer X was not added to plant C. Plants
A and B showed the most measured growth.
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable / control ?
3. What is the hypothesis of the experiment?

56. BELL RINGER 10/05/2011
• CREATE A GRAPH SKETCH OF THE
FOLLOWING DATA. - TURN IN ON NOTEBOOK PAPER
RATE (Sec) TEMPERATURE (CELSIUS)
40 20
30 30
20 40
10 50
What is the independent variable/ dependent?
What axis does the independent / dependent
belong?
What does the line of the graph look like?

57. BELL RINGER 10/04/2011

58. A. In an SEM, the electron beam is focused
Scanning electron
on a specimen coated with a thin layer of
microscope
metal. The electrons that bounce off the
specimen form an image on a fluorescent
screen.
B. An SEM shows three-dimensional images
of cell surfaces.
C. As in the TEM, the specimens are not living
when viewed under SEM.
D. The scanning tunneling microscope, STM
uses a needle-like probe to measure
differences in voltage caused by electrons
that leak, or tunnel from the surface of the
object being viewed.
E. A computer tracks the movement of the
probe across the object and generates a
three-dimensional image of the specimen’s
surface – STM used on living organisms.

59. A. In 1838, the German botanist Mattias
Schleiden concluded that cells compose
The Cell – Theory and
every part of the plant.
Features
B. A year later, the German zoologist
Theodore Schwann claimed that animals
are also made of cells.
C. In 1858, Rudoloph Virchow, a German
physician, determined that cells come
from other cells.
D. The works of these three scientist form the
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of one or more
cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.