2. The Ruling Class
German states – as elsewhere in
Europe – had a class structure,
such as Junkers in Prussia.
Many people from the ruling
classes opposed change because
they worried it would cost them
power and influence.

3. Monarchies
The German princes and kings
were also generally opposed to
nationalism – for the same
reasons as the ruling classes.
They feared that a united
Germany would cost them their
power.

4. Arguments for influence
The ruling classes and
monarchies had political
control of their countries
which allowed them to limit
the impact of nationalism.
In particular they controlled
each state’s military.

5. Arguments against influence
Some monarchs – such as
King Frederick William IV of
Prussia - were prepared to
consider political change.
However Frederick William
did go back on some of his
promises e.g. press freedom.