Japan underwent a period of isolation in the 1600s before opening up to foreign trade in 1854 which sparked rapid modernization. Mexico achieved independence in the 1800s but has struggled with economic issues. Italy unified in 1861 and was ruled by Mussolini until World War 2 after which it became a republic, and Ethiopia maintained independence from colonial rule until briefly occupied by Italy in the 1930s-40s before transitioning to a socialist state and then democracy in the 1990s.