The rapid growth of cities in LEDCs like Sao Paulo has created major problems related to inadequate housing and infrastructure. Over 40% of Sao Paulo's population lives in favelas or slums that lack basic services. Various approaches have been tried to address urbanization issues, including slum clearance, site and service schemes, rehabilitation, and housing developments, but each has significant disadvantages.

1. Problems of Urban Growth in LEDCs

3. Study the figure 3 which shows the percentage of population living in urban areas in different parts of the world. If your were to describe the pattern of this graph make sure you look at the overall trends. Which is the most urbanised? Is Urbanization slowing down or rapidly increasing Which one has the most rapid urbanisation? Which is more urbanised?

4. This is Calcutta and it has grown as a result of migration and other factors Looking at this give two Physical & two Human Factors that caused the growth of Calcutta’s population.

5. CASE STUDY: SAO PAULO, BRAZIL Where is it? Sao Paulo is a city located on Brazil's south-east coast. It is Brazil's largest city with a population of approximately 25 million.

10. Inadequate housing and services – live in shanty towns or favela’s which lack basic amenities such as sanitation, sewerage, water and electricity. These services are not capable of maintaining a basic standard of living. NO SANITATION NO ELECTRICITY NO CLEAN WATER NO SEWERS 40%

11. Shelters are often made of scraps of wood and can easily burn down. They may also be located near industrial sites that badly pollute the land. WOOD CORRUGATED IRON ROOFS RUBBISH DUMPS

12. Sao Paulo’s Traffic Congestion is notorious. With all the increase in migrants per year this is only going to get worse. The amount of traffic will not only affect peoples ability to move around the city but will also affect air quality. Brazil’s car users do at least use alternative fuels to try to combat the problem.

14. BUILT ON MARGINAL LAND Shanty towns are often built on land that no one else can use. Often this is very steep land as it is very difficult to build formal housing here. This land is prone to landslips when it rains and many people can be killed

15. HOW DOES AN URBAN MODEL FOR AN LEDC DIFFER FROM A MEDC?

16. LAND USE IN AN LEDC

17. LAND USE IN MEDC

19. WHAT SCHEMES CAN PLANNERS USE TO COPE WITH THE RAPID GROWTH OF CITIES

22. The government puts in basic services such as clean water & sewerage and provides building materials, such as breezeblocks. The families then get together & help build the homes (Some being trained as plumbers, some electricians) Hence the buildings are relatively cheap, hygienic & gives the migrants a sense of control over their future it also creates good community spirit. BREEZE BLOCKS BATHROOM WITH TOILET BEDROOM WITH CONCRETE FLOOR WATER TANK IMPROVED STREETS

25. CINGAPURA

26. The Cingapura project is a low-cost housing initiative in São Paulo , Brazil . It is designed to try and move the poor population from favelas (shanty towns), where one quarter of people in São Paulo now live, into more permanent structures. These structures are often called 'Superblocks'. They were intended to have a supply of electricity, a good water supply and sewer pipes. On top of this, residential security guards were to be employed to reduce crimes which were/are rife throughout the favelas in Brazil. Much of the work was to be done by the residents of the favelas themselves, the project being dubbed a 'self help' project. The existing favelas were to be cleared and building materials provided for the builders for free. One of the major difficulties in building on the sites of the favelas was the large slopes on which they are built. This difficult terrain was the only reason the owners of the land did not use it. Levelling the land was very expensive and eventually proved too expensive, only a tenth of the proposed apartments were completed. Those that were built were not very successful, as many of the families from the favelas found that the new apartments were too much of a change of environment. They did not like the fact they couldn't extend on their new apartments, and many attempted to bring their livestock into the flats. Only 14 of the 140,000 projected apartments were actually built.