A first year group assignment for students in the course EDC1200 at the University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia. This powerpoint presentation is our response to the question "How might education mediate difference and dominance?"

1. People Smuggling A Teacher’s Resource for Years 6-7 By Amy McKay, Sky Robinson & Michelle Thompson

2. Introduction Amy McKay Sky Robinson Michelle Thompson

3. Table of Contents The Brief Overview Teacher Resources/Learning Outcomes Focus Question Definitions The History of People Smuggling The Process The Journey The Arrival/The Deaths People Smugglers’ Motives Arrivals by Sea and Air Detention Centres UNHCR Facts Politics Teaching Suggestions The Australian Curriculum Brainstorming Map Individual Brainstorming Map Newspaper Article PowerPoint Pamphlet Poster Graph Recommended Reading References

4. “How might education mediate difference and dominance?” By teaching students that difference is just that – simply being different, and the world is an interesting place because of diversity It is crucial to understand that no single ethnic group or person is better or more superior than any other Tolerance is needed to stop racism from occurring Society often portrays difference as ‘less than’ by the hegemonic group, but difference does not mean deficit

5. Definitions Asylum Seekers – Individuals who have sought international protection and whose claims for refugee status have not yet been determined ‘Boat People’ – A term used in the media and elsewhere to describe asylum seekers who arrive by boat or attempt to arrive by boat without authority to enter Australia Displaced Persons – People who flee their homes to escape conflict, violence, human rights abuses or other disasters (also known as forced migrants) Detainee – Someone who is detained or held prisoner, or in custody without trial Deficit – the amount by which a sum falls short

6. Definitions Continued Diaspora– a dispersion, as of people of common national origin or beliefs Difference – differing in character; having unlike qualities; dissimilar; separate or distinct Diversity – the state or fact of being diverse; difference; unlikeness Dominance – rule; control; authority Hegemonic –leadership or predominant group Home – a place of one’s domestic affections; one’s native own country; where one has a sense of belonging Immigrate – to pass or to come into a new habitat or place; to come into a country in which one is not a native for the purpose of permanent residence

7. Definitions Continued Internally Displaced Persons – People or groups of individuals who have been forced to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, violation of human rights or disasters of any type, and who have not crossed an international border People smuggling/trafficking – Recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving persons for the purpose of exploitation; by using or threatening force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of power against them Refugees – Those recognised in accordance with the UNHCR Statute; individuals granted complementary forms of protection; or those enjoying “temporary protection” Tolerance – the disposition to be patient and fair towards those whose opinions or practices differ from one’s own; the appreciation of diversity UNHCR– United Nations High Commission for Refugees (established in 1951 after the Vietnam War)

8. The History of People Smuggling The First Wave The first boat arrived in Darwin in April 1976, carrying five Indochinese men Over the next five years, 2,059 Vietnamese boats arrived, with the last documented in August 1981

9. The History of People Smuggling The Second Wave The arrival of twenty-seven Indochinese asylum seekers in November 1981 During the following nine years, boats arrived at the rate of 300 per year – mostly from Cambodia, Vietnam and southern China

10. The History of People Smuggling The Third Wave In 1999, asylum seekers (predominately from the Middle East), began to arrive – often in larger numbers than previously and usually with the assistance of ‘people smugglers’

12. A fake passport is obtained for $13,000 in Iran, and a one-way ticket to Jakarta is bought.

14. They are then stripped of the passports and any kinds of ID.

15. Wading knee deep in water to climb in one of four sail boats, after an hour they would transfer into the basic, 18m wooden fishing boat.

17. The Arrival The Deaths The voyage is very risky and fraught with danger – many people put their lives in the hands of simple fishermen in order to escape hardship in their homeland… 16th April 2009: 5 people deceased. 1st November 2009: 12 people deceased. 15th December 2010: A boat sank on approach to Christmas Island – 30 bodies recovered and an unknown number drowned (approx. 18). 17th January 2009: 2 men in an ‘esky’ (container used for storing fishing catch). 29th April 2009: 4 people left on Deliverance Island – no boat. November 2009: 78 people on board the Oceanic Viking which was intercepted in Indonesian waters. On arrival in Australian waters, naval vessels meet asylum seekers and escort them to detention centres where they are processed.

18. People Smugglers’ Motives According to one captain, he was given $8,500 to purchase the simple boat for the trip He was told he could keep the boat once completing the mission and returning – this is a huge incentive for a man of little means The greedy leaders of the people smuggling syndicate pocket almost $500,000 per trip

19. Arrivals By Sea and Air

21. They are often held in detention centres for years, waiting to be processed. Many become emotionally unstable and/or violent.

22. Christmas Island, an Australian Territory located 2600km north-west of Perth, Australia, is situated only 360km from its closest neighbour, Java. It is one of the first destinations of many asylum seekers.

24. Each year the Australian Government allocates around 13,000 available places through the Department of Immigration’s Humanitarian Program.

25. In 2008, Australia accepted the third largest number in the world (8,742); however, on average we are amongst the lowest annually.

27. Politics Keating Government – In 1992, Keating introduced mandatory detention for unauthorised boat arrivals. In 1998, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) argued that mandatory detention was in breach of international human rights standards and called for children and other vulnerable persons to only be detained under exceptional reasons. The HREOC further found that children were at risk of mental harm, but the Howard Government rejected these findings claiming that releasing children sent the wrong message to people smugglers. Howard Government – Howard took a tough stance on asylum seekers and boat arrivals, which swept his party to victory in the Federal election and numbers decreased significantly (see resource #6 graph). Rudd Government – In November 2007, Rudd ended some policies put in place by the Howard Government and numbers increased significantly (see resource #6 graph). Gillard Government – The current government is starting to turn their attention back to the policies that deterred. In January 2011, the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed with Afghanistan and the UNHCR, returning failed Afghan asylum seekers. In June 2011, the agreement with Malaysia is proving controversial as Malaysia request the term ‘human rights’ be omitted from the agreement and children are returned unaccompanied.

28. Teaching People Smuggling Issues surrounding people smuggling can be confronting for younger children, therefore it is recommended that the topic be taught to students in Years Six and Seven The teaching resources presented incorporate Key Learning Areas (KLAs) of Literacy, Studies of Society and Environment (SOSE), History, Geography, Information Communication and Technology (ICT), Numeracy and The Arts Multiple Intelligences, Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy and various learning styles are accounted for throughout all resources This theme is recommended to be covered thoroughly over a whole unit rather than a few lessons

29. The Australian Curriculum As this presentation was produced in 2011, it is necessary to note that the Australian Curriculum is still in its formative stages and therefore some KLAs are not present ICT and cross-curriculum priorities are incorporated throughout and Australia’s engagement with Asia may easily be assimilated into the unit General capabilities in all KLAs are supported through the learning outcomes/resources and modifications can be made to allow for learning support students Students use a range of software, including word processing programs, which will allow them to confidently create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts (ACEYL1728) Topics covered include racism, human rights, diversity, Home, diaspora, refugees, asylum seekers, hegemonic groups, migration, risks etc. Be sure to keep all content basic and age appropriate

30. Teaching Suggestions Students need a foundation and basic understanding of the terms that are central to this topic initially, therefore gradually introduce each term, clearly defining it Begin by asking if any students have relatives who live overseas or moved to this country from another, then ask if anyone knows what word is used to describe this. Expand by asking what were their reasons for deciding to immigrate. Incorporate a theme of difference into the discussion by comparing various ethnicities and cultures Ask for other reasons why people choose to leave their country or Home and discuss the validity of those reasons. Continue by developing students’ understanding of the processes required to immigrate to a country, explaining migratory groups (Austin, 2011). Then add, “Supposing a war or famine occurred in Australia – what would you do?” “What if it continued for years?” “Describe what changes would occur to your life.” “List ways you would earn money for food” and so on

31. Teaching Suggestions Continued Following this, develop an understanding of the United Nations, discussing ‘Human Rights’ and what the term encompasses, expanding by including organisations such as World Vision, AusAID, Oxfam etc. Further develop what it is like for these people to be so desperate that they risk everything to take a chance at a new life. “What is so good about our country?” “Justify your reasons” Discuss ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ then focus on dominance, introducing people smugglers, their power to threaten force, explaining that they are breaking the law – briefly detail the ‘anti-people smuggling’ bills released by the government (Commonwealth of Australia, 2010, 2011). Mention that people smugglers are considered a threat because many finance terrorists. Discuss their motives, asking students to make judgements through collating and analysing information – they then choose a stance (Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy). This becomes the basis for the learning outcomes that follow…

32. Resource #1 Brainstorming Map

34. Famine

35. Better way of life

36. Peaceful

37. This activity develops higher order thinking skills while focussing on many of the KLAs.

38. Six Thinking Hats is well-suited to this activity (de Bono, 1992).

39. A Brainstorming Map is a good way for students to process information learnt as it encourages divergent thinking .

40. Ask open-ended questions about the specific aspects and content, checking for understanding.

41. It is recommended that this be done as a group activity as students deconstruct information differently and it encourages varying points of view on the issue.

42. Also, by initiallydoing the mapas a group, students participate in and contribute to discussions, clarifying and interrogating ideas, developing and supporting arguments, sharing and evaluating information, experiences and opinions (ACELY1709).People Smuggling

44. Brainstorming Maps help students identify and explore ideas and viewpoints about events, issues and characters represented in texts drawn from different historical, social and cultural contexts (ACELT1619).

45. By reflecting on ideas and opinions about characters, settings and events in literary texts, identifying areas of agreement and difference with others and justify a point of view (ACELT1620).People Smuggling What are the individual costs? Why do people do it?

46. Resource #2 Newspaper Article

48. This resource encourages higher order thinking skills while simultaneously building on comprehension and referencing skills.

49. It also helps students articulate their message to the reader.

51. A newspaper article gives the students the ability to compare the text structures and language features of multimodal texts, explaining how they combine to influence the audiences (ACELY1724).

52. Students plan, draft and publish imaginative, informative and persuasive texts, choosing and experimenting with text structures, language features, images and digital resources to purpose and audience (ACELY1714).

54. Resource #3 PowerPoint Students form small groups and collaborate to produce a PowerPoint presentation on dominance and difference regarding People Smuggling Students must research facts carefully and reference at the end of their presentation This combines ICT with Literacy, SOSE, History, Numeracy, The Arts and Geography while developing group skills such as teamwork and sharing responsibility

55. Resource #4 Pamphlet

56. Resource #4 Pamphlet (Image courtesy of David Miller, 2006)

57. Resource #4 Pamphlet The KLAs incorporated in this resource include Literacy, ICT, The Arts, SOSE, Geography and History This is an individual assignment demonstrating an understanding of the topic through research skills, artistic expression and literacy components Students design and present their own pamphlet signifying an understanding of difference and dominance in the People Smuggling trade Topics covered may include racism, human rights, diversity, Home, diaspora, refugees, asylum seekers, hegemonic groups, risks, riots etc. Pamphlets need to make an impact, therefore students need to understand how ideas can be expanded and sharpened through careful choice of verbs, elaborated tenses and a range of adverbs (ACELA1523) and understand the uses of commas to separate clauses (ACELA1521), as well as advertising features, in order to attract the viewer

58. Resource #5 Poster

60. Students collate information gathered from credible sources and create a poster depicting the journey, arrival and life of asylum seekers.

61. The poster may incorporate opposing views or support only one - demonstrating evidence of understanding through The Arts, Literacy, social issues (SOSE), History, Geography, research skills and ICT.

62. With a focus on difference and dominance, students comprehend deeper social issues.Dominance & Difference

63. Resource #6 Graph

65. This resource also incorporates The Arts and Literacy and may be easily adapted for ‘at-risk’ students, whether gifted or learning support.

68. Recommended Reading Exploring books with gifted children: Divergent thinking byN.Polette & M. Hamlin. Published 1980 by Libraries Unlimited,Littleton, Colorado. Six thinking hats for schools byE. De Bono. Published 1992 by Hawker Brownlow Education, Cheltenham, VIC. VARK: A guide to learning styles byN.D. Fleming & C. Mills (1992). Retrieved from http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=categories

69. References Anderson, L. W., Krathwohl, D. R., & Bloom, B. S. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. New York, USA: Longman Publishing Group. Asia [Image]. (2009). Slide 19. Retrieved from http://www.topnews.in/study-asia-needs-water-reform-cope-population-growth-2203074 Asylum boats [Image]. (2009). Slide 33. Retrieved from http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/dead-missing-in-refugee-boat-explosion/story-e6freuy9-1225699364428 Asylum seekers [Image]. (2011). Slides 11, 13. Retrieved from http://www.watoday.com.au/national/where-angels-fear-20100706-zxrq.html Asylum seekers Christmas Island [Image]. (2011). Slide 14. Retrieved from http://clubtroppo.com.au/2009/04/17/the-old-explosive-asylum-story-reignites/ Asylum seekers tragedy Christmas Island [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Retrieved from http://asci.org.au/demo/?tag=asci-update Austin, J. (2011). EDC 1200 Self education and society: Wk11.ppt [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/19078/Online_Lecture_9_BREEZE_files/index.htm Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (2011) The Australian Curriculum: English: Cross-curriculum priorities: Asia and Australia’s engagement with Asia.Retrieved June 1, 2011 from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/English/Cross-Curriculum-Priorities Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2010). The Australian Curriculum: English. Retrieved June 2, 2011 from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/English/Curriculum/F-10 Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2010). The Australian Curriculum: Mathematics. Retrieved June 2, 2011 from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/Mathematics/Curriculum/F-10 Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2010). The Australian Curriculum: History. Retrieved June 8, 2011 from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/History/Rationale

70. References Continued Australian detainees [Image]. (2011). Slide 34. Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/top-end-hotelier-welcomes-asylum-seekers/story-e6frg6nf-1225892977797 Australian detainees protesting [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Retrieved from http://www.ntnews.com.au/article/2010/08/30/175521_ntnews.html Australian detention centres [Image]. (2011). Slide 18. Retrieved from http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1494196/new-darwin-detention-centre-announced Australian detention centre riots [Image]. (2011). Slides 17, 37. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/04/20/1050777165396.html Australian flag [Image]. (2011). Slide 20. Retrieved from http://www.australian-flag.org/ Australian flag animation [Image]. (2011). Slide 19. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Baguley, M. (2011). EDC 1200 Self education and society: Wk8.ppt [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?id=407666 Boat [Image]. (2011). Slides 8,10. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Boat People [Image]. (2011). Slide 1. Retrieved from http://www.southasiatimes.com.au/news/deportation-of-afghan-asylum-seekers-from-australia/ Boat People [Image]. (2011). Slide 12. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/world/javas-big-cities-become-popular-launch-points-for-human-traffic-20090417-aa7z.html Boat People [Image]. (2011). Slide 17. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/world/dday-for-asylum-seekers-on-boat-at-merak-20100407-rrie.html Book [Image]. (2011). Slides 22, 23. Available from. http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe

71. References Continued Black van [Image]. (2011). Slide 11. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Cell phones [Image]. (2011). Slides 11. Available from. http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Child detainees [Image]. (2011). Slide 17. Retrieved from http://www.phaseloop.com/foreignprisoners/prison-australia-detention.html Children in detention [Image]. (2011). Slides 17, 37. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/archives?archiveid=20091123&page=20091123 Christmas Island [Image]. (2011). Slide 17. Retrieved from http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/deaths-feared-after-asylum-boat-crash-off-christmas-island/story-e6freuy9-1225971484723 Christmas Island detention centre [Image]. (2011). Slide 17. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/tuberculosis-hits-border-staff-at-detention-centres/story-e6frf7l6-1225937354468 Christmas Island Tourism Association (2011). Retrieved May 29, 2011 from http://www.christmas.net.au/about.html Christmas Island geography [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Retrieved from http://www.christmas.net.au/about.html Commonwealth of Australia (2011). Background note: Boat arrivals in Australia since 1976. Retrieved May 18, 2011 from http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/sp/BoatArrivals.pdf Commonwealth of Australia (2010). Anti-peo0ple smuggling and other measures bill 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2011 from http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/bd/2009-10/10bd131.pdf Commonwealth of Australia (2011). Combating the financing of people smuggling and other measures bill 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011 from http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/legislation/billsdgs/752670/upload_binary/752670.pdf;fileType%3Dapplication%2Fpdf De Bono, E. (1992). Six thinking hats for schools. Cheltenham, VIC: Hawker Brownlow Education.

72. References Continued Detainee riots [Image]. (2011). Slides 17, 37. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1379173/Rioting-immigrants-scale-roofs-set-Australian-immigration-detention-centre.html Detainees [Image]. (2011). Slide 17. Retrieved from http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/coalition-seeks-detention-inquiry/story-e6freomx-1226060269631 Detention fires [Image]. (2011). Slides 17, 37. Retrieved from http://deseretnews.blogspot.com/2011/05/there-riots-at-australias-christmas.html Detention protesters and fires [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/flames-blast-at-villawood-detention-centre-as-detainees-protest/story-fn7x8me2-1226043104678 Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind:The theory of multiple intelligences [Tenth anniversary edition]. New York: Basic Books. Glue [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Immigration detention statistics [Image]. (2011). Slide 39. Retrieved from http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/detention/_pdf/immigration-detention-statistics-20110506.pdf Maiden, S., & Viellaris, R. (2011, May 8). Slide 30. Gillard brokers a Malaysian solution. Sunday Mail, p. 3. Miller, D. (2006). Refugees. South Melbourne, VIC: Time Warner Group Australia. Money [Image]. (2011). Slide 15. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Money in cash register [Audio]. (2011). Slide 15. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe

73. References Continued Newspaper sketch template [Image]. (2011). Slide 29. Retrieved from http://designedbyellie.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html Passport [Image]. (2011). Slide 11. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Pencil [Image]. (2011). Slide 29. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe PowerPoint template [Image]. (2011). Slide 32. Retrieved from http://wisedownloads.com/Go/Impress/ Sailboat [Image]. (2011). Slide 12. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Scissors [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Spaghetti [Image]. (2011). Slide 13. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Tragedy Christmas Island [Image]. (2011). Slide 34. Retrieved from http://www.france24.com/en/20101215-iraniraq-refugees-die-australia-boat-tragedy?quicktabs_1=1 Villawood protesters [Image]. (2011). Slide 37. Retrieved from http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sydney-nsw/villawood-rooftop-protest-finally-ends/story-e6freuzi-1225927539988 Wave [Image]. (2011). Slides 8-10. Available from http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/images/?CTT=6&ver=14&app=powerpnt.exe Weldon, K. (2005). Macquarie Dictionary (4th ed.) Port Macquarie, NSW: Macquarie Library.