Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for commercial gain. It is defined as a crime against a person, whereas human smuggling only facilitates illegal border crossings. Trafficking victims are seen as victims under the law, while smuggled individuals are seen as criminals. Common forms of exploitation include sex work, labor, begging, organ removal, child soldiers and domestic servitude. Trafficking is fueled by poverty, lack of opportunities, organized crime and uneven effects of globalization.
Global Terrorism and its types and prevention ppt.
Understanding Human Trafficking
1.
2. “Trade in people and their
parts that involves the use of
improper means- e.g.
force, fraud, deception, coerci
on, or the abuse of power or
authority- to recruit or
transport them within or
across borders for the
purposes of exploitation.”
- UN Office on Drugs and
Crime, 2008
3. Smuggling- unauthorized border crossings
Trafficking is a crime against a person, while
smuggling is the facilitated illegal entry from
one country to another
There is no coercion or forced labor involved in
smuggling
In the eyes of the law, a trafficked person is seen
as a victim, while a smuggled person is seen as a
criminal
4. Many types of people are trafficked
Age, gender, level of education
Many marginalized groups are at risk
(ethnicity, nationality, class background)
Gender differences depending on type of work
Migrants are vulnerable, due to tight immigration
laws and lack of knowledge about migration laws
Orphaned children especially vulnerable (from HIV
or in areas of conflict)
5. Economic
Social
Personal
Civil unrest
Political prosecution
Gender based
discrimination
7. Process-
Recruiting, harboring, moving, obtaining a person
Traffickers include:
▪ Recruiters
▪ Recruitment agencies
▪ Transporters
▪ Middlemen- who ‘buy’ and ‘sell’
▪ Debt collectors
▪ Employers
8. Methods:
Through
acquaintance/family
Newspaper adds
Fake employment
agencies
Front businesses
Abduction
9. Means – force, fraud, coercion
Low-risk enterprise for traffickers
Organized crime, mafia etc.
Informal networks
Small-scale or shot-term
Family based or freelance operations
10. Methods:
Threats of deportation
Holding passports
Threats to family members
Isolation
Verbal, physical and sexual abuse
Giving drugs
Providing misinformation
11. End – involentary servitude, debt
bondage, slavery, sex trade
Adults (varies)- Particularly Women-
Sweatshops Domestic service
Factory work Marriages
Agriculture Sex trade
Organ harvesting Hotel/motel
housekeeping
Begging/peddling
Restaurant work
13. Lack of data
Difficult to obtain data on trafficked
persons
Majority seems to be women and children
Estimates of numbers vary
Range from 500,00 to 4 million people
trafficked per year
14. Both Domestic and international
Generally from poor areas of developing
countries into comparatively wealthier ones
Several Regions- flow of trafficking:
▪ Europe and Eurasia
▪ Asia
▪ Latin America and US
▪ Middle East
▪ Africa
*Traffic also among regions
20. Although human trafficking is not a new
problem, the dynamics of globalization are
fueling its growth
Though growing trade and effortless world travel
Humans as commodities, as part of quot;hyper-
capitalismquot;
Incorporation into global market supply and demand
Global trade networks
As migration and transnationalism
Looking at a variety of motivating factors
Transnational networks
21. Influences the economic “push” and “pull”
Changing lures of immigration
Tight immigration laws: promote alternate
migration practices
Trafficking becoming part of the global economy
Transnational network
Exploit uneven development
22. Combination of political corruption and
organized crime promotes significant growth
on global scale
Political instability/corruption -> vulnerability
Traffickers take advantage of
transparent borders,
broadband communication
Political/economic upheaval
Mass migrations
23. The global effort to combat human trafficking is
organized around prevention, prosecution, and
protection
Economic development, with a special emphasis on
women and girls, constitutes perhaps the best long-
term approach to combating human trafficking.
Prosecution of traffickers also has a strong prevention
aspect. Breaking up trafficking networks and
imprisoning traffickers stops the recruitment and
movement of trafficked persons.
Between 2001 and 2005, the United States successfully
convicted only 138 human traffickers (US DOJ, 2006
24. A Slow War on Human Trafficking
Julia Mead, NY Times, May 2006
Globalization and Human Trafficking
Loring Jones, Journal of Sociology and Social
Welfare, v. 34, 2007
Human Trafficking:
Globalization, Exploitation, and
Transnational Sociology,
Stephanie A. Limoncelli, Sociology Compass, v.
3, Dec 2008