1. THE SCOPE OF
ABNORMAL
PSYCHOLOGY
February 19, 2013

2. •Define Abnormal behavior in
your own words
•Differentiate normal from
abnormal behavior

3. •Form sound judgment about
abnormal behaviors
•Trace the roots of
abnormality in the behavior of
some individuals

4. What comes into your
mind when you hear
the word
“ABNORMAL” in the
context of human
behavior?

5. ACTIVITY
ΨGo through each of the items
and try to figure out which of
these you would regard as
abnormal.
ΨWrite AB if you regard the item
as abnormal while N if you
think it is normal.

6. 1. Wearing a mini-skirt in a formal
gathering
2. Biting one’s fingernails when
anxious
3. Being unable to sleep, eat or
study after being heart-broken.
4. Refusing to eat for days in
order to stay slim.

7. 5. Taking medicine, each time
one can hardly sleep
6. Sweating profusely at the
thought of being trapped in an
elevator
7. Kissing a same-sex member in
public
8. Taking two packs of cigarette
to relieve oneself of tension

8. 9. Engaging in thorough washing
of hands when coming home
from a ride in the LRT or MRT
10.Bringing a “lucky charm” to an
award’s night

9. Defining Abnormal
Behavior

10. There are two ways to approach the
problem of definition:
1.Deviation from the average or
normal – statistical average
provides framework for thinking
about normality
Problem: cut-off point

11. 2. Deviation from the optimal –
comparing a person’s
behavior to one’s notion of
the ideal human functioning
Problem: subjectivity

12. • Refer to the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual (DSM) in
order to tell that a behavior is
normal or abnormal

13. Origins of Abnormal
Behavior

14. • Causes of behavior vary to
some degree from one type of
disorder to another
• However, STRESS appears to
be the dominating element
common to all of them

15. The difference between normal and
abnormal behavior depends on the
amount of stress the person feels
and his ability to handle such
amount of stress. Both factors are
influenced by biological structure,
psychological traits and the
environment (Kagan et.al)

16. BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
• Individual differences exist
because of the activity of the brain
concerned with emotions
• heredity can contribute to
tendencies toward the most severe
forms of abnormal behavior

17. PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
• acquired psychological traits
also play a significant role in
determining how much
anxiety and stress we are
likely to experience

18. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
• Severe mental disorders are
most common among people
living in poverty
Kelly, Snowden and Munoz, 1987

19. • Environmental influences
likewise dictate the particular
kind of behavior a person is
most likely to exhibit

20. CATEGORIES
OF
DISORDERS

21. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussion about
Different Disorders, you are
expected to:
COGNITIVE:
Ψ categorize different mental or
behavior disorders

22. AFFECTIVE:
Ψ adjust to situations involving
individuals with disorders
PSYCHOMOTOR:
Ψ demonstrate positive attitude
and understanding towards
individuals with disorders

23. How much do you
know about
these celebrities?

28. Personality Disorders (PD)
Anxiety Disorders (AD)
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Sexual Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders

29. 

Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual (DSM)
DSM-IV- more than 230
disorders are described

30. PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
(PD)

31. A class of personality types
and behaviors that the
American Psychiatric
Association (APA) defines as
"an enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the
expectations of the culture of
the individual who exhibits it"

32. 

This is the extreme form of PD in
which the person seems to lack
any normal conscience or sense
of social responsibility as well as
feeling for other people.
They are sometimes called
sociopaths

33. 
People who demonstrate this
disorder are often impulsive,
unpredictable, and often get
upset easily.

34. 
People with paranoid PD are
unable to get rid of their constant
suspicions and mistrust of other
people, even when facts
evidently point out the truth.

35. 
These disorders involve
personality disturbances which
have qualities that resemble
schizophrenia but do not take on
its psychotic form.

36. 

It is marked by an indifference to
social and sexual relationships
and a very narrow range of
emotional experience and
expression.
A true loner

37. 
They look peculiar and even
bizarre in their way of relating
with others, their way of thinking,
their way of acting, and even in
their way of dressing.

38. 
These are PD that are marked
by behaviors that involve
excessive display of emotions
and egocentricity.

39. 
People with histrionic PD are
highly excitable, and often react
to little events with gigantic
display of shallow and nongenuine emotions.

40. 

Those with narcissistic PD are
often quite charming and
attractive and preoccupied with
appearance, but once you get to
know them, they are easy to
dislike.
They have sense of selfimportance and claim perfection

41. 
These PD are located on the
extreme spectrum on attitudes
towards relationship with other
people.

42. 
It is characterized by extreme
sensitivity to possible rejection
which are interpreted by them as
forms of criticism, avoidance of
close relationship unless there is
certainty of acceptance and
approval and others.

43. 
Unlike Avoidant PD, people with
dependent PD are strongly
drawn towards others. They are
inclined to depend on others at
all costs, even if the latter are
mean and abusive.

44. 
These disorders share the
common feature of conflict over
the matter of control.

45. 

People with O-C PD constantly
feel immobilized by decisions
because they are afraid of
making mistakes.
They tend to be strongly
perfectionist.

46. 
Individuals with P-A PD
demonstrate resentment toward
others, but only indirectly,
through such unpleasant
techniques as procrastination,
stubbornness, and intentional
inefficiency.

47. ANXIETY
DISORDERS
(AD)

48. Anxiety Disorders are
marked by experience of
physiological arousal,
apprehension or feeling of
dread, hyper vigilance,
avoidance, and sometimes,
a specific fear or phobia

49. 
People are said to suffer from
panic disorder when they
experience frequent and
recurrent sensations of fear and
physical discomfort or when their
tension is converted into a flood
of terror.

50. 
Anxiety states may become
attached to specific objects,
situations, or activities and this
characterizes phobic disorders.

51. 





Agoraphobia – market and open
places
Arachnophobia – spiders
Aviaphobia – flying
Bacteriophobia – germs
Bronthophobia – thunder
Cynophobia - dogs

52. 






Doraphobia – touching animal fur
Eisotrophobia – mirrors
Galephobia – cats
Ideaphobia – nthoughts
Necrophobia – fear of dead bodies
Spectrophobia – seeing oneself in
mirrors
Xenophobia - strangers

53. 
This applies to a condition in
which the person feels afraid or
apprehensive being observed by
others, thus acting in ways that
are humiliating or embarrassing.

54. 
People who have this have a
number of worries that spread to
various spheres of their life,
rather than being focused on one
specific fear.

55. 
these are people who are
unable to recover from anxiety
associated with a traumatic life
event.

56. SOMATOFORM
AND
DISSOCIATIVE
DISORDERS

57. These disorders entail the
expression of conflict through
radical, and at times,
extremely unusual,
disturbances in behavior, with
symptoms that are quite
difficult to explain (Halgin and
Whitbourne, 1994)

58. 
Involve the expression of
psychological conflict in
physical symptoms for which
no medical origins could be
found.

59. 

Converting unacceptable
conflicts or drives into physical
symptoms
Symptoms include involuntary
loss or alteration of bodily
function

60. 

These are multiple and recurrent
bodily symptoms rather than a
single physical complaint as that of
conversion
Symptoms include pain in hands
and feet, back pain, blurred vision,
etc.

61. 

Preoccupied or delusional idea
that some parts of their body is
defective or ugly
Symptoms: exaggeration of
something abnormal about the
body, too much concerned with
height, weight, size, shape

62. 


Exaggeration or distortion of
normal bodily occurrence
Preoccupation of fear of bodily
symptoms
Ex. Fear of having a serious
disease, pains or aches thought
to be cancerous

63. 

Also called multiple personality
disorder, is characterized by
development of more that one
self or personality.
The core personality is called the
host, while the other existing
personalities are called as alters

64. SEXUAL
DISORDERS

65. Sexual Disorders constitute
behaviors in which there are
problems related to sexual aim or
object, sexual performance, or
sexual identity or orientation,
which cause harm to other people
or cause the individual to
experience some forms of
distress (Kleinmunts, 1990)

66. 
These are recurrent, intense
sexual urges and sexually
arousing fantasies focused on
inanimate objects, on the
suffering or humiliation of oneself
or of one’s partner, on children, or
on other nonconsenting
individuals.

67. 
intense sexual urges and
arousing fantasies involving the
deliberating exposure of genitals
to strangers or to unsuspecting
victims usually women and
children.

68. 
Strong, recurrent sexual
attraction to an object and may
derive sexual pleasure from
viewing, touching or holding,
burning or cutting into pieces the
fetish object, usually an
undergarment, stocking, or
shoes.

69. 
Involves recurrent, intense
sexual urges and sexually
arousing fantasies of rubbing
against or fondling another
person.

70. 
This is a form of paraphilia in
which an adult has sexual urges
directed toward prepubescent or
pubescent children.

71. 
A person has compulsion to
derive sexual satisfaction from
watching pornographic films or
reading pornographic literature.

72. 
This a rare form of sexual
disorder in which the individual
achieve sexual pleasure from
having sex with animals, such as
cows, horses, etc.

73. 
A bizarre form of sexual disorder
in which the individual, usually a
male, derives sexual gratification
from having sex with a corpse or
a dead person.

74. 
Considered a taboo in virtually all
societies, this involves having
sexual relations between or
among members of the same
clan or family.

75. MOOD
DISORDERS

76. The predominant feature of
Mood Disorder is disturbance
in a person’s emotional state
or mood (Kagan et.al. 1994).
Mood Disorders are of two
types: depressive and bipolar

77. 

Prolonged and disabling
disruptions in emotional state
Experience depressive episodes
only

78. Involves acute, but time-limited
episodes of depression.
Melancholic – lose interest in most
of their activities
Seasonal – develop depressive
symptoms usually for a month or
two and they are able to return to
normal functioning


79. 

Mild and chronic depressive
symptoms
Symptoms: depressed mood for
most of the day, more days than
not, poor appetite or overeating,
low self esteem

80. 
There are two forms of Mood
Disorders in which alterations in
mood are the main feature:
bipolar disorder and cyclothymia

81. 

Experience both manic (hyper,
overexcited) and depressive
episodes
Ex. Euphoria may turn into
extreme irritability

82. 
They experience recurrent or
persistent mood shifts, but not as
intense as those in bipolar
disorder

83. SCHIZOPHRENIC
AND RELATED
PSYCHOTIC
DISORDERS

84. A psychiatric diagnosis denoting a
persistent, often chronic, mental
illness variously affecting behavior,
thinking and emotion
Schizo – split or divide
Phrenos – mind
“shattered mind"

85. 
Its prominent symptoms is
bizarre or unusual bodily
movements, ranging from
immobility to chaotic or wild,
stereotyped movements of the
body.

86. 


Disorganized speech
Disorganized behavior
Flat or inappropriate affect

87. 
Preoccupation with one or
more delusions or frequent
auditory hallucinations
Delusion- false belief or thinking
Hallucination – false perception

88. 
Mixed symptoms of
schizophrenia such as delusions,
hallucinations, incoherence, or
disorganized behavior and
others.

89. 
Under this category are people
who have been previously
diagnosed with schizophrenia
and no longer have prominent
psychotic symptoms but still
manifest some lingering signs of
disorder.

90. Thank You!!!