2. CONTEXT
• What was one geographical feature of Ancient
Egypt that contributed much to its progress
and allowed for the growth of its villages and
towns?
• Explain how
• What are the 3 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt?
• What are the two geographical divisions?
• What are some key events during the 3
Kingdoms?
3. Early inhabitants of the Nile
• 5,000 B.C.
• Each summer the Nile River would flood its
banks and deposit layers of fertile soil (at least
3 months at a time; rich soil deposits with a
depth of more than 9m (30 feet)
• Agriculture
• Increase in growth of villages and towns
4.
5. Periods
• Pre-dynastic (4210 B.C.- 2680 BC)
• Old Kingdom (2680 BC- 2258 BC)
• Middle Kingdom (2258 BC -1786 BC)
• New Kingdom (1786 BC – 1085 BC)
• Amarna Period (1085 BC – 1055 BC)
• Third Intermediate Period, First Persian
Period, and Late Period of Ancient Egypt
6. The Old Kingdom
• Upper and Lower Egypt united by the Pharoah
named Menes
• Menes established capital at Memphis and
founded the first of the 31 Egyptian dynasties
• Period of about 500 years
• Ended when the Pharaoh's rule was weakened
by the rise of independent nobles
• Nobles- split the country into smaller states;
civil war and disorder
7. Middle Kingdom
• Time of law, order, and prosperity
• However around 1800BC, Egypt was overrun
by foreign invaders—the Hyksos (horse and
chariot riding) from western Asia
• Hyksos inhabited lower Egypt and for two
hundred years forced Egyptians to pay tribute
• Egyptians finally learned to use the horses and
chariots and drove the invaders out of their
country
8. The New Kingdom
• Most brilliant period of Egyptian history
• Warrior Pharaohs used knowledge of horses
and chariots to extend Egypt’s rule over
neighboring nations
• Thutmose III- greatest of these Warrior
Pharaohs
Reigned for fifty-four years; great Military
leader
9. • Amenhotep III- New Kingdom reaches peak of its
power and influence
• Amenhotep IV- break with tradition:
- changes in Egyptian religion
- moved capital from Thebes to El Amarna
- established Aton, symbolized by sun-disk as
supreme god vs. past recognition of many gods
• Name change to Ikhnaton (“it is well with Aton”)
10. • Ikhnaton’s new religion died with him
• Tel- Amarna destroyed and old religion with
many gods restored
• Ended with Alexander the Great’s conquest in
332 BC.
12. CONTENT
• What aspect of Ancient Egyptian culture
heavily influenced their art & architecture?
• What is the Ancient Egyptian soul?
• What would happen to the soul upon death?
• Why is it important to preserve the body?
• What was the purpose of the pyramids?
• How much power did the pharaohs possess?
13. Influence of Religion
• Importance on the resurrection of the soul and
eternal life in a spirit world after death
• Soul= ka
• At death, the ka would leave the body for a time;
however it would eventually return and unite
with the body again for the journey to the next
world and immortality
• If the body would be lost or destroyed it would
be forced to spend eternity in aimless wandering
14. Pyramids
• Tombs of Pharaoh
• Pharaoh was not only a king, but also a god in
the eyes of the people
• He was expected to join the other gods when
he died
- Ra/Re: the sun god
- Osiris: god of the Nile and the underworld
- Isis: the great mother god
15. FORM
• What are the three names of the Great Pyramid?
• How big is it?
• What is it made of?
• What is a sarcophagus?
• Where is it placed?
• What is a distinct feature about the passageways
within the pyramid?
• How did the shape of the pyramid evolve?
17. Pyramid of Khufu/ Cheops
• 5.3 hectares (13 acres) (five of the larges
cathedrals in the world could be placed within
its base with room to spare)
• Made by piling 2.3 million blocks of limestone,
each averaging 2.3 metric tons, to a height of
146.3 meters (480 feet)
• Wider than it is tall
18. • Sarcophagus- stone coffin where the Pharaohs
body was sealed in
• Placed in burial chamber located in the center
of the pyramid
• Dead end passages and false chambers were
also added to the building
• These were meant to confuse tomb robbers
and enemies
19. Evolution of the pyramid shape
• Originally, Egyptians buried dead in hidden
pits and piled sand and stone over the top
• Mastabas- low, flat tombs made from sun-
dried bricks; rectangular tombs had sloping
sides ; also contained chapel and false burial
chamber aside from the true one
• Step pyramids- in time, several mastabas of
diminishing size were stacked on top of each
other
20. • Finally, they were built without steps , and a
point was added to the top, and the true
pyramid form was completed
24. Temples
• Evidence of genius of architects of New
Kingdom
• Built by the command of the Pharaoh and
dedicated to the Pharaoh’s favorite god
• Became a chapel when the Pharaoh died;
people would bring offerings for the Pharaoh’s
ka
• Often would be improved by succeeding
Pharaohs
26. CONTENT/ FORM
• What was the purpose of sculpture in Ancient
Egypt? (Especially sculpture, placed beside the
king’s sarcophagus)
• What was this sculpture made out of?
• What was the purpose of the Great Sphinx?
• What are some theories regarding its broken
nose?
• What are some main differences in the
sculpture between the 3 kingdoms?
27. Egyptian Sculpture
• Despite precautions, tombs of pharaohs were
soon broken into and robbed of treasures
• Sculpture of the king- carved by sculptors and
placed near the King’s sarcophagus ; acted as
substitutes for the body inside; alternative
option for the Ka to use for the journey to the
next world if the body were destroyed
• Egyptian word for sculpture translates as ‘He
who keeps alive’
29. Portrait of Khafre
• seated portrait of the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh
Khafre
• Made from hard diorite stone
• Pharaoh is shown sitting up straight and
attentive on a throne with inscriptions
proclaiming him King of Upper and Lower
Egypt
• Wears a pleated garment fastened to the
waist
30. • Left hand rests on knee, right hand forms a fist
which must have once gripped some symbol
of high office
• Descendant of Re (the sun god); to show
Pharaoh’s divinity, sculptor has added a falcon
• Head of Khafre, not as stiff and rigid as the
body; lifelike in appearance
• Beginning of a smile in firmly set mouth
32. Great Sphinx of Giza
• Carved from rock at the site
• Presents the head of the Pharaoh (most likely
Khafre) placed on the body of a reclining lion
• Towers to a height of almost 20 m (65 feet)
• Massive size intended to demonstrate power
of the Pharaoh
• Probably done to show the Pharaoh has the
courage and strength of a Lion
33. 2 theories on the missing nose
• Iconoclasm; A Sufi muslim named Muhammad
Sa im al-Dahr was outraged and destroyed the
nose when he found out that the Egyptian
peasants made offerings to the sphinx to
increase their harvest
• Nose was broken by a cannonball fired by
Napoleon’s soldiers
35. Portrait of a Middle Kingdom Ruler
• Realistic expression suggest none of the
confidence or aloofness noted in the portrait
of Khafre
• Firmly set mouth shows determination and
strength but eyes indicate trouble and
weariness
37. Portrait of Ikhnaton
• Many of Ikhnaton’s portraits show him as a
homely man with strange elongated
head, pointed chin, heavy lips, and
long, slender neck
• Showed the Pharaoh as he really looked
• Much of the sculpture during this period are
more natural and lifelike
40. CONTENT/CONTEXT
• What is a relief?
• What was the purpose of reliefs & paintings?
• What is the reasoning behind the contorted
postures of people depicted in Egyptian relief
and paintings?
42. Portrait of Hesire
• Hesire: proud official of the Pharaoh Zoser
• Wooden door relief panel from Zoser’s
mastaba
• Hesire stands straight with Baton in hand
indicating high office
• Left hands hold staff and writing materials;
indicating he was a secretary to the Pharaoh
43. • Legs, arms and feet in profile
• Shoulder and eye are shown as if seen in front
• Appears as though Hesire has two left feet
since big toe is on the outside of each foot
• Figure looks as if it has been twisted in some
way, making it look flat
• All parts of the body seem to be the same
distance from your eye; no foreshortening
44. “ Every part of the body
must be shown in the most
familiar point of view”
45. Rules of Egyptian Art
• Carving unusual features not due to lack of
ability
• Head, arms, and legs are always shown in
profile
• It was more important to make sure that all
parts of the body were clearly shown than
making the image beautiful or accurate
46. • The ka also thrives in this images, if an arm
were hidden it would mean that the ka would
enter the body without an arm
• At one time it was customary to bury a
Pharaoh’s wife, servants and slaves in the
tomb when he died
• In time this practice was discontinued and
painted relief sculptures were substituted for
real people in the tomb of the dead king
48. Paintings of Nakht and His Wife
• When it became difficult and costly to carve
reliefs in the Middle Kingdom, painting came
into its own separate art form.
• Rough walls of tombs were carved and
scraped till they were flat and smoothed with
a coating of plaster
• Artist then lined it with horizontal lines which
they would fill with drawings about the life of
the deceased
49. • Painting were colored with rich red and yellow
hues, with black and green added for contrast
• Little shading was used making the painting
appear flat
• Method of arranging in flat bands resulted in a
style similar to comic strips
• Same set of rules that applied to reliefs also
applied in paintings
50. • Figures of the priest and his wife are larger
than the other figures showing that they are
more important
• Stiff and solemn, because Egyptians believes
such a pose was fitting for people of high rank
• Smaller servants are shown in more natural
positions as they labor in the fields and take
care of animals
53. 3 kinds of heiroglyphics
a) phonetic – single consonant characters that
function like an alphabet
b) logographs- represent morphemes or small
units with semantic meanings
c) determinatives- symbols for
divinities, people, parts of the body, animals
, which helped in reading but were not
pronounced