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1. INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Lecture # 11

2. Principles of
Information Systems
(Eighth Edition)
CHAPTER 5
ORGANIZING DATA AND
INFORMATION

3. PRINCIPLES AND LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
 Data management and modeling are key aspects
of organizing data and information
 Define general data management concepts and
terms, highlighting the advantages of the database
approach to data management
 Describe the relational database model and outline
its basic features
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Principles of Information
Systems, Eighth Edition

4. PRINCIPLES AND LEARNING
OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)
 A well-designed and well-managed database is
an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision
making
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Principles of Information Systems, Eighth
 Identifythe common functions performed by all
database management systems and identify popular
user database management systems
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5. PRINCIPLES AND LEARNING
OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)
 The number and types of database applications
will continue to evolve and yield real business
benefits
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Principles of Information Systems, Eighth
 Identify and briefly discuss current database
applications
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6. WHY LEARN ABOUT DATABASE
SYSTEMS?
Database systems process and organize large
amounts of data
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 Examples:
 Marketing manager can access customer data
 Corporate lawyer can access past cases and opinions
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7. INTRODUCTION
 Database: an organized collection of data
 Database management system (DBMS):
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group of programs to manage database
 Manipulates database
 Provides an interface between database and the user
of the database and other application programs
 Database administrator (DBA): skilled IS
professional who directs all activities related to
an organization’s database
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8. DATA MANAGEMENT
 Without data and the ability to process it, an
organization could not successfully complete
most business activities
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 Data consists of raw facts
 To transform data into useful information, it
must first be organized in a meaningful way
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9. THE HIERARCHY OF DATA
 Bit (a binary digit): represents a circuit that is
either on or off
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 Byte: typically made up of eight bits
 Character: a byte represents a character; the
basic building block of information
 Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, numeric
digit, or special symbol
 Field: typically a name, number, or combination
of characters that describes an aspect of a
business object or activity
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10. THE HIERARCHY OF DATA
(CONTINUED)
 Record: collection of related data fields
 File: collection of related records
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 Database: collection of integrated and related
files
 Hierarchy of data
 Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
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11. THE HIERARCHY OF DATA (CONTINUED)
Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data
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12. DATA ENTITIES, ATTRIBUTES, AND
KEYS
 Entity: generalized class of people, places, or
things (objects) for which data is collected,
stored, and maintained
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Principles of Information Systems, Eighth
 Attribute: characteristic of an entity
 Data item: specific value of an attribute
 Key: field or set of fields in a record that is used
to identify the record
 Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely
identifies the record
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13. DATA ENTITIES, ATTRIBUTES, AND KEYS
(CONTINUED)
Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes
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14. THE DATABASE APPROACH
 Traditional approach to data management:
separate data files are created and stored for each
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application program
 Database approach to data management: a pool
of related data is shared by multiple application
programs
 Offerssignificant advantages over the traditional file-
based approach
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15. THE DATABASE APPROACH (CONTINUED)
Figure 5.3: The Database Approach to Data Management
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16. THE DATABASE APPROACH (CONTINUED)
Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach
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17. THE DATABASE APPROACH (CONTINUED)
Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)
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18. THE DATABASE APPROACH (CONTINUED)
Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach
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