My hometown - Making the Connection

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1 CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA South Africa Concepts to Know · Afrikaner · Apartheid · Natives Land Act (1913) · African National Congress · National Party · Group Areas Act (1950) · Nelson Mandela · Freedom Charter (1955) · Truth and Reconciliation Commission · Ubuntu · National Assembly · Public Protector · Independent Police Investigative Directorate · S v. Makwanyana (1995) · Judicial Service Commission · Law Reform Commission · Constitutional Court · Advocates · Assessors · Inspecting Judge · NICRO · Child Justice Act (2008) Introduction SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1). The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...

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C H A P T E R 4 The European Organization of the Slave Trade The Atlantic slave trade was one of the most complex economic enter- prises known to the preindustrial world. It was the largest transoceanic migration in history up to that time; it promoted the transportation of people and goods among three different continents; it involved an annual fleet of several hundred ships; and it absorbed a large amount of European capital invested in international commerce. The trade was closely associated with the development of commercial export agricul- ture in America, and Asian trading with Europe. It involved complex capital and credit arrangements in Europe, Africa, and America and was carried on by a very large number of competing merchants in an unusually free market. Finally, it was the largest movement of workers to the Americas before the mid-nineteenth century. How did this extraordinary trade develop in Europe? What mecha- nisms were used to get this system into operation and what were the relative roles of the state and of private capital? How was the trade financed and what were the goods used to purchase the slaves? What types of ships and crews were involved in the transport of these slaves and how were they purchased in Africa and how were they sold in Amer- ica? What were the profits generated by the trade and what was their relative importance within the expanding European economy? These are some of the issues I will deal with in this and the following chapter on the African part of the trade. Given the high entry costs to trading, and the initial lack of detailed knowledge of the various African and American markets, the earliest period of the slave trade was one in which the state played a major role. Though slaves were shipped off the African coast by private European traders from the 1440s onward as part of general exports of gold and 75 Co py ri gh t @ 20 10 . Ca mb ri dg e Un iv er si ty P re ss . Al l ri gh ts r es er ve d. M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed i n an y fo rm w it ho ut p er mi ss io n fr om t he p ub li sh er , ex ce pt f ai r us es p er mi tt ed u nd er U .S . or a pp li ca bl e co py ri gh t la w. EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 2/16/2019 3:31 PM via EXCELSIOR COLLEGE AN: 331300 ; Klein, Herbert S..; The Atlantic Slave Trade Account: s4946256.main.ehost 76 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ivory, the organization of an intensive slave trade took several hundred years to develop. Africa was a modest source of slaves for southern Europe until the beginning of the sixteenth century, and it was only the opening up of America to European colonization that slave trading finally turned into a major economic activity. Although the Portuguese were rich enough to allow private con- tractors to develop some part of the early trade, both they and all the Europeans who followed used heavy state control in the form of taxa- tion, subsidization, or monopoly contracts to get the .

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