Dar a conocer distintos inventos en la historia de la humanidad!

1. INVENTORS
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A pencil or pen is a
writing or drawing ...
The toothbrush is an
oral hygiene instrument
used to clean teeth and
gums
The table is a piece of
furniture with multiple
domestic uses, that housing
is primarily located in the
dining room, with chairs
around to sit and eat with
the family ...
The telephone is a
telecommunications device
designed to transmit audio
signals from a distance by
means of electric signals.

2. Sponsors:
Brandon Daniel Marín Parra
Yennifer Brand Acevedo
Grade 10º5
Sandra Cárdenas
Institución Educativa José Miguel de Restrepo y Puerta
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3. Contenido
The Role............................................................................................................................................................... 4
The phone............................................................................................................................................................ 4
The wheel ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Condoms.............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Television............................................................................................................................................................. 5
The fridge............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Printing ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Pencil................................................................................................................................................................... 6
The microscope .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Camera ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
The pacemaker..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Tools.................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Compass .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
The ipod............................................................................................................................................................... 8
Fiber Optic Cable .................................................................................................................................................. 8
Aspirin ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Gps ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Bicycle ..................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Toothbrush ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
The pen.............................................................................................................................................................. 10
The Pill ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
Laser .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
The bow and arrow............................................................................................................................................. 11
Laptop ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
Thermometer...................................................................................................................................................... 12
The telescope ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
The mouse ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Tv remote control ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Credit Card ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Rubber eraser..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Lock ................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Pocket Calculator................................................................................................................................................ 14
The vibrator ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
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4. The Role: The modern media have diminished our dependence on
paper only marginally. For 500 years, its existence remained away
from the Western world. The Chinese began using bark, bamboo
fibers and other similar materials to make paper. It took centuries to
reach us paper. China went to Japan, then to Central Asia and Egypt.
Until then, writers could write, but the parchment, leather or silk used
by early writers were prohibitively expensive.
The phone: French Bourseul Charles was the first to propose the
transmission of human language by means of an electronic system
in 1854, but he was ahead of his time and took another six years
before Johann Reiss used cork, a needle , sausage skin and a
piece of platinum to transmit sound, but it was unintelligible. 16
years later, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell cerradamente
competed to build the first
functional phone until Graham Bell in 1876 won (barely). Currently,
it is estimated that there are about 1,300 million telephone lines in
the world.
The wheel: The wheel surely deserves a place of honor in any list
of Great Inventions. An industrialized civilization is inconceivable
without it. His invention was perhaps inevitable, but pretty soon
appeared next to the man. Many civilizations, including the Incas
and Aztecs were managing quite well without wheels. The oldest
evidence of the use of the wheel (a pictograph from Sumeria,
modern Iraq) dating from 3,500 BC. The invention quickly spread in
the Western world.
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5. Condoms: The Egyptians began using 3,000 years, but it
was the sixteenth-century Italian gynecologist Falloppio
Gabrielle (the fallopian) who first recommended its use to
prevent the spread of disease. The oldest remains of a
condom dating from 1640.
In modern times, condoms, which until then were made from
animal gut, have allowed generations of couples to avoid
unwanted and saved huge numbers of lives by preventing
the spread of diseases like AIDS pregnancies.
Television: Television has helped connect people around
the world, entertaining generations billion and keeping
children busy on weekends. CP Scott said when he learned
of the invention, in 1920: "Television? The word is half Greek
and half Latin. Nothing good can come of it. "The Scotsman
John Logie was the first to publicly demonstrate television in
1925.
The fridge: The biggest revolution in the kitchens of the world
was the arrival of the equipment and the death of the vegetable
seller, allowing you to keep perishables fresh for several days.
However, few people heeded the invention. Perkins was Jacob
first to describe how pipes filled with volatile chemicals whose
molecules evaporated easily could keep food cold, like the wind
blowing on the skin after leaving the sea. However, he refused to
publish his invention and development of this was slow.
Refrigerators not become popular until 100 years later
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6. Printing: For much of modern civilization, the written word
reigns as the supreme means of communication. The Chinese
were the first printers. They invented the printing block from
500, but it was the German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg
who built the first printing press using movable metal type,
which allowed repeatedly printed on sheets of paper. In 1454,
he used his revolutionary system to print 300 bibles, of which
are preserved to the present 48 copies, each worth millions of
dollars.
Pencil: The pencil came to life in 1564, when it was
discovered a fairly pure graphite deposit in Borrowdale,
Columbia (United States). At that time it was thought it was
some kind of lead (hence English in pencil he is known as
"pencil lead"). A year later, the German naturalist Conrad
Gesner described a writing tool that contained the substance.
Nicolas Conté perfected the pencil over a hundred years later
when graphite mixed with plaster and stuck between two strips
of wood.
The microscope: When in 1665 Robert Hooke published his
masterpiece, "Micrographia", people was stunned by his
descriptions of a world in miniature. Samuel Pepys called it "the
most ingenious book that I ever read in my life." Until then, people
did not know that the flies had hairy legs or that plants possess
cells (Hooke coined the term "cell"). Zacharias Janssen, Dutch
eyeglass builder, had invented the first microscope in 1590,
although then it was considered more of a curiosity than a
revolutionary advance in science.
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7. Camera: William Talbot, the inventor of one of the first
cameras (Joseph Nicéphore Niépce had produced the first
known photograph on a pewter plate), was inspired by his
inability to draw. He described one of his drafts as
"melancholy to preserve", wishing there was a way to fix
photographic images on paper that had been observed for
centuries in the darkroom. His techniques developed in
recent years, 1830, set the standard for decades (invented
the negative / positive process) and the photo quickly went
from being a novelty to a ubiquitous technology, largely
aided in 1888 by the Kodak George Eastman, the first film
camera.
The pacemaker: Not long to have a heart defect involving
irreversible certain death does. This changed when the
Swedish doctors Rune Elmqvist and Ake Senning designed
the first implantable pacemaker in 1958, however, the
instrument failed after a few hours and was launched
American engineer Wilson Greatbatch who perfected the
invention. He tested the prototype on a dog in the same year
and in 1960, Henry Hannafield, 77, became the first human to
receive the implant.
Moreover, there is the version that was Colombian Jorge
Reynolds Pombo engineer who actually designed the first
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pacemaker.
Tools: If something separated from other human beings
being is the ability to build
tools of some complexity. The first tools come from East
Africa and were made by Homo habilis more than two
million years ago, but surely the first humans used tools
much earlier, perhaps made of materials like wood and
bone, which have not survived to this day. Axes emerged
about 12,000 years ago.

8. Compass: Forced to rely on natural landmarks such as
mountains or islands, as well as rough maps, early sailors
almost always felt lost. Desperate to find something more
reliable, sailors in China and Europe independently discovered a
magnetic mineral that aligned with the North Pole. For the year
1190, Italian navigators were using to magnetise needles
floating in bowls of water. The Invention put humanity in the
process of mapping the globe.
The ipod: Is it possible that ten years ago has been just that this
ubiquitous piece of white plastic and polished steel appeared in the
world of gadgets and helped revolutionize the music industry?
Designed by Apple luminaire design, Jonathan Ive, the largest can
hold about 30,000 songs. So far, they have sold 110 million units.
That equals 2,000 iPods an hour.
Fiber Optic Cable: In an experiment that required nothing
more complicated than two buckets, a tap and some water, in
1870 the Irish scientist John Tyndall noted that water flow could
lead sunlight. Optical fibers, glass tubes or plastic capable of
transmitting signals much more efficiently than metal wires,
operate under the same principles and were perfected by Charles
Kao and George Hockham in 1966 Today, millions of these
cables linking all corners the globe.
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9. Aspirin: Small acetylsalicylic acid tablets were cured, perhaps
more minor diseases than any other medicine. Hippocrates was
the first to realize the healing power of this substance. The
Greek treatment was based willow bark tea, and was effective
against fever and gout. Much later, chemist Felix Hoffman
perfected the remedy experimenting with his arthritic father, and
marketed under the name Aspirin
Gps: To determine our location used to require an
uncomfortable amount of instruments such as a map, a
compass and straightedge. Now the simple press of a button
(and about 32 satellites) makes us to know our precise
location error of only a few meters. Amazing for explorers,
paramedics and pilots. Powered by the army of the United
States in the 70s, the Global Positioning System (GPS-Global
Positioning System) became available to the general
public since 1994.
Bicycle: The feminist Susan B Anthony said in an interview in
1896: "I think the bicycle has done more to emancipate women
than anything else in this world." First developed as a toy for
men in the 1820s, the artifact soon evolved into the most
democratic form of transport, used by millions to travel on the
roads and streets all over the Munce. The French velocipede,
invented in 1861 by Pierre Marchaux is considered the first
modern bicycle.
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10. Toothbrush: For millennia people have used a great variety
of implements keep your teeth bright: frayed, sticks and
branches to bird feathers. All of them have been discovered in
the excavations of the first toilets. An unknown Chinese was
the first bristles mounted on a piece of wood. These came from
pigs and sows were mounted on bamboo or bone fragment. By
the seventeenth century toothbrushes are already widely used
in Europe.
The pen: If the Hungarian journalist Laszlo José Biró sold the
patent had not the first pen, his fortune (died in 1985) would have
been billions. As it happened, Biró sold the patent to Baron Bich
in 1950 Biró's feat was designing a rounded tip can release ink
on paper that even then was used in printing. Today,
approximately 14 million pens are sold every day, making the
pen the most successful gadget of all time.
The Pill: Birth control pills not only served to improve the
lives of women, but that marked a turning point in medicine.
It was the first drug used in healthy people to prevent
something rather than treating disease. They were
developed by a team led by Carl Djerassi, a chemist, in
1951, but was not marketed until the early 60s. Since then,
more than 300 million women have used.
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11. Laser: Laser, as many know, means Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It was Albert Einstein who
proposed the foundations for its development in 1917 when
he said that atoms could be stimulated to emit photons in a
same direction. The phenomenon was first observed in the
1950s and was the physicist Theodore Maiman who built the
first working laser in 1960 This device used a ruby emitting a
"brighter than the center of the sun" light
The bow and arrow: The major concern of prehistoric man
was to kill anything that moved, and designed for it ever more
efficient means of doing so. For centuries, hunters had to settle
for the missiles that could throw to hurt their prey. That changed
in Africa about 30,000 years ago, when the first archers with
their bows and arrows came. The first ones were discovered
dating back to 9,000 BC and were found in Germany, near
Hamburg.
Laptop: strong legs were required to endure the first
laptops. The Osborne 1, released in 1981, is often called
the first laptop but more like a sewing machine and was
very different from the thin machines now, it weighed
more than 10kg. A year later, Grid Compass 1100,
designed by British Bill Moggridge, changed things. It
was the first laptop that had a drop-down monitor as
now, much like a clam. Weighed "only" 5kg and was
successful at NASA and American paratroopers.
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12. Thermometer: It is difficult to locate the precise moment when
the thermometer was invented. It's one of those things that
inevitably had to occur, and is not the product of a single mind.
Galileo Galilei is who gets most of the credit, though the air
thermometer was not very effective to say. In it, a column of air is
expanded when heated, by displacing a certain amount of water. It
was the product of over 100 years of continuous improvement.
The classic mercury glass thermometer, still in use today, was
conceived by Daniel Fahrenheit in the 1720s.
The telescope: Galileo was the inventor of the word
"telescope", but not the instrument. The honor them
corresponding to the two Dutchmen who inspired him, Hans and
Zacharias Jansen Lipperhey. They were the first to combine
convex and concave lenses at each end of a wooden tube, a
design that Galileo would later play for military purposes before
becoming interested in the stars. Early telescopes could only
achieve a magnification of 20 times; currently, even for beginners
telescopes can achieve magnifications of about 500x for really
low prices.
The mouse: The first computers were the size of houses and had
a maddening amount of buttons and levers. With the increase in
the amount of information that sailed computer monitors around the
world, a simple way to manage it became necessary. The
American radar technician Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford
Research Institute, was set to work on the challenge and produced
the first prototype of a "XY Position Indicator" in 1964 cable
protruding from the device made them think some in the tail of a
mouse and for that reason it was so named. The amount of these
devices around the world and more than one billion, and growing.l
mouse: Las primeras computadoras eran del tamaño de casas y
poseían una enloquecedora cantidad de botones y palancas.
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13. Tv remote control: It is not difficult to understand that the
first remote control, made by the company American
Electronic Zenith Electronics has been called "Lazybones"
(Bone Loose). The device, originally connected to a cable
television, enabled generations of viewers lie comfortably in
their chairs and made to zap for hours. In 1955, Zenith
launched the first wireless remote control, called
"Flashmatic". Universal remote controls were invented in
1987.
Credit Card: Before the advent of "plastic", consumers were
forced to borrow from banks to pay in cash. Now, millions of us
(there are 66 million credit cards in circulation in the UK, more
than six million people) we can get our hands on anything just
pulling the card, we can pay. We thank the American Ralph
Schneider, founder of Diner's Club, for this dangerous
development.
Rubber eraser: Strange, perhaps, but it took 200 years
after the invention of the pencil mine for someone
devise eraser. Until then, the artists had to use bread. the
engineer
Edward English Nain saw the potential it had the rubber to
do a better job. He did
but, like bread, it was little durable. The advent of a more
durable vulcanized rubber in 1839 (an implanted by the tire
inventor Charles Goodyear method) sealed the future of the
eraser. Hymen Lipman conceived the pencil "all in one" in 1858.
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14. Lock: Just listen to the jingle of keys which most people
carry with them to realize how important security has
become today. The Egyptians were the first to put things
under lock and key about 4,000 years ago (hard knots were
an option for a long time). The wooden counterpart included
a key that lifted cylinders, allowing a latch would be free and
could slide. The design was similar in principle to the modern
lock invented in 1848 by Linus Yale, whose name still adorns
billions of keys.
Pocket Calculator: Even the legendary super-brain Isaac
Newton used to complain about the time it took to do simple
addition using paper and pencil. It would have been happy with the
introduction in 1948 of the Curta calculator, a calculator activated
with a lever which was shaped like a cylinder and it was small
enough to carry in your pocket and perform basic math operations.
The first digital pocket calculator appeared in 1971 and was the
Sinclair Executive, which cost three times the average weekly
wage but sat the standard for this type of gadgets
The vibrator: This invention may not shake the world, but
generations of women have been found in the vibrator a
solution for many problems of a sexual nature. In a 2005
survey, 26% of women admitted to using a vibrator ever (47%
in Taiwan, 3% in India). In modern times, the devices
"massage" can be purchased discreetly with a single click of
mouse. Things, of course, were different in the 1890s, when
the "vulvar stimulation" was prescribed as a treatment for
hysteria
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15. Editorial:
Es.calame.com
Brandon Marin Parra
Yennifer Brand Acevedo
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