1. FORMATION, FUNCTION, AND
INTERPRETATION OF A SUBJECT’S
DREAM AT WORKPLACE CONFLICTUAL
SITUATION DURING 2004-2011: A
LONGITUDINAL CASE STUDY REPORT.
A partial fulfilment of the Doctorate of Philosophy

2. CONTENTS:
 Chapter –I : Introduction; (4 to 90)
 Chapter-II : Review of Literature;(91 to 172)
 Chapter-III : Methodology; (173 to 180)
 Chapter-IV: Result; (181 to 196)
 Chapter-V : Discussion; (197 to 206)
 Chapter-VI: Summary; (207 to 215)
 Conclusion; (216 to 219)
 References. (220 to 240)


3. Acknowledgement
 I,Naorem Binita Devi,earlier adoc-lecturer at
Zakir Husain College,D.U., now at present
assistant professor, dept. of
psychology,Mizoram University, is pleased to
inform you all that I can able to self-supervise
for my Ph.d. thesis based on field study. Now I
am keeping it in slide share n read it n give
feedback to me. I really very thankful to my
case narrative person and her sharing nature
of each and every detail of the report.

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 I am very pleased to thank to those institute
where my case narrative person is working.
Without these institutions and their
cooperation such work is not possible. Thanks
you,all so much those who become a part of
my study. Next time also I really need help for
you,all. Again I am very thankful for those
person who makes the investigator to make
her complete work. If I am using some
unethical statement in my thesis please just
ignore. It is just a field study and in the field
study, many observations are needed.

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 I am using symbols in my study. Thanks to
those who played such bullied attitude
because that makes me to develop
something. Thanks to Z institution
especially,latter M institution, in the M
institution repeating the procedures but
already prepared by the subject so less
warning dream n can able to prepare.

6. INTRODUCTION:
 Concept
 Meaning of a dream
 Types of a Dream
 Dream Occurrences
 Other associated Phenomena
 Why we dream
 Dream History
 Modern theory
 Dream Interpretation
 The importance of dreaming
 Objectives
 Hypothesis

7. Concept:
 Dreams have fascinated people since ancient times.
The Mesopotamians, Hebrews, Babylonians, Chinese,
Greeks, and Romans all valued dream interpretation
(Van De Castle, 1994), and early psychologists (Freud,
1900/1970; Jung, 1945/1993) wrote of the value of
dream interpretation in spurring client insight.
 Dreams are a succession of images, thoughts, or
emotions passing through the mind during sleep. The
content and purposes of dreams are not fully
understood, though they have been a topic of
speculation and interest throughout recorded history.
The scientific study of dreams is known as
“oneirology”.

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 Dreams are unique. No other individual can have
your background, your emotions, or your
experiences. Every dream is connected with your
own “reality”. Thus, in interpreting someone’s
dream, it is important to draw from your personal
life and experiences. A dream unifies the body,
mind, and spirit. It provides you with insight
ourselves and a means for self-exploration. In
understanding your dreams, you will have a better
understanding and discovery of your true self.
 A dream is some sort of mental activity during sleep,
usually reported as perceived in a visually
imaginative manner ( Webb and Cart weight,1978).

9. MEANING OF A DREAM
 Finding out what dreams mean has been of
intense interest to philosophers for
thousands of years - one of the first "dream
dictionaries" was the ancient Greek
Oneirocritica of Artemidus.
 It seems a universal human trait to want to
crack the "code" and find out what your
dream was about and what, if anything, it
meant.

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 According to Domhoff (2005) dreaming is
defined as “a sequence of perceptions, thoughts
and emotions during sleep that is experienced as
a series of actual events. The nature of these
events, the dream content, can be known to the
interviewers only in the form of a verbal or
written report”. .
 Dement and Kleitman (1957) observed that
subjects reported dreams 80% of the time when
awakened during REM sleep, dreams were
reported during NREM sleep only 20% of the
time (Hartman,1967).

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 Research findings have revealed that the occurrence
of recurrent dreams, nightmares and unpleasant
everyday dreams is related to one’s psychological
well-being (Blagrove, Farmer,& Williams, 2004;
Zadra & Donderi, 2000). Further data demonstrate
that the dream reports of people suffering from
certain psychopathologies can differ from those of
normal control subjects (Kramer, 2000; Schredl &
Engelhardt, 2001), and that certain personality
dimensions such as extroversion (Bernstein &
Roberts, 1995), neuroticism (Schredl, Landgraf, &
Zeiler, 2003), and psychological boundaries (Schredl,
Schäfer, Hofmann,& Jacob, 1999) are extensively
associated to dream content.

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 More recent developments suggest that dreams
are more similar than different because they
dramatize people’s conceptions and concerns in
relation to personal issues, which probably does
not vary much from country to country as culture
does. In particular, the continuity hypothesis
postulates that the content of everyday dreams
reflects the dreamer’s waking states and
concerns. In other words, elements from
people’s dreams can be related to corresponding
waking or psychological variables (Domhoff,
2005).

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 The ancient Greeks constructed temples they called
Asclepieions, where sick people were sent to be
cured. It was believed that cures would be effected
through divine grace by incubating dreams within
the confines of the temple. Dreams were also
considered prophetic or omens of particular
significance. In ancient Egypt, priests also acted as
dream interpreters. Joseph and Daniel are recorded
as having interpreted dreams sent from God, and
indeed the Bible describes many incidents of dreams
as divine revelation. Hieroglyphics depicting dreams
and their interpretations are evident. Dreams have
been held in considerable importance through
history by most cultures.

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 The two most well known (relatively) modern
schools of psychological dream analysis are
those of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung who
attempted to discover the hidden meaning he
believed lay behind the dreams of his
patients. Other dream interpertation
approaches which build on these include
depth psychology, neurocognitive theory,
activation-synthesis and
Fritz Perls' gestalt theory.

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 Freud stated that "the interpretation of dreams
is the royal road to a knowledge of the
unconscious activities of the mind" (p. 647), and
Jung viewed dreams as being a source of
personal knowledge and guidance. Despite the
attention given to dream interpretation by these
and other theorists, and the fascination with
dreams by people in a variety of cultures and
times, only 10 to 15% of mental health
professionals work with dreams (Davis, 2002).

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 What is Lucid dreaming and nightmares?
 The basic definition of lucid dreaming is
becoming aware that you are dreaming. Yet,
the quality of lucidity varies.
 A nightmare is a dream which causes a
strong unpleasant emotional response from
the sleeper, typically fear or horror, being in
situations of extreme danger, or the
sensations of pain, falling, drowning or death.

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 There are three fundamental psychological
questions to be answered:
 Formation
Where do our dreams come from?
 Function
What purpose - if any - do they serve?
 Interpretation
What - if anything - do they mean?

18. TYPES OF A DREAM:
 Daydreams;
 False awakening dreams;
 Lucid dreams;
 Nightmares;
 Recurring dreams;
 Healing dreams;
 Prophetic dreams;
 Signal dreams;
 Epic dreams.


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 Daydreaming is classified as a level of
consciousness between sleep and
wakefulness. Studies show that we all have
the tendency to daydream an average of
70-120 minutes a day. It occurs during our
waking hours when we let our imagination
carry us away. As our minds begin to wander
and our level of awareness decreases, we lose
ourselves in our imagined scenario and
fantasy.

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 False Awakening Dreams:
Ever thought you were awake and going
about your morning routine of getting up,
brushing your teeth, eating breakfast and
going to work only to wake up "again" and
realize that was just a dream. That sensation
is referred to as a false awakening.
 Lucid Dreams :
Lucid dreams occurs when you realize you are
dreaming.

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 Nightmares:
A nightmare is a disturbing dream that causes the
dreamer to wake up feeling anxious and frightened.
Nightmares may be a response to real life trauma and
situations. These type of nightmares fall under a special
category called Post-traumatic Stress Nightmare (PSN).
 Recurring Dreams:
Recurring dreams repeat themselves with little variation
in story or theme. Dreams may recur because a conflict
depicted in the dream remains unresolved or ignored.
Once you have found a resolution to the problem, your
recurring dreams will cease.

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 Healing Dreams:
Healing dreams serve as messages for the
dreamer in regards to their health. Many dream
experts believe that dreams can help us avoid
potential health problems and help us to heal
when we are ill. Our bodies are able to
communicate to us through our dreams to "tell"
us that something is not quite right with our
bodies even before any physical symptoms show
up. Dreams of this nature may be telling the
dreamer that he/she needs to go to the dentist or
doctor.

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 Prophetic Dreams:
Prophetic dreams, also referred to as
precognitive or psychic dreams, are dreams that
seemingly foretell the future. One rational
theory to explain this phenomenon is that our
dreaming mind is able to piece together bits of
information and observation that we normally
overlook or that we do not seriously consider. In
other words, our unconscious mind knows what
is coming before we consciously piece together
the same information.

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 Signal Dreams :
Signal dreams help you how to solve problems or make
decisions in your waking life.
 Epic Dreams :
Epic dreams (also known as Great Dreams or Cosmic
Dreams) are so huge, so compelling, and so vivid that you
cannot ignore them. The details of such dreams remain
with you for years, as if your dreamt it last night. These
dreams possess much beauty and contain many archetypal
symbology. When you wake up from such a dream, you
feel that you have discovered something profound or
amazing about yourself or about the world. It feels like a
life-changing experience .

25. DREAM OCCURRENCES:
 Hypnogogic Images
 Recurring Dreams
 Nightmares
 Dreams In Series
 Out of Body Experiences (OBE'S)
 ESP In Dreams

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 Hypnogogic Images:
Between being awake and falling asleep, your
mind enters the hypnogogic phase. In this
stage you begin to lose touch with the world
around you without showing the
physiological stages of sleep. Pictures form
inside our heads like still photographs and
although you may have never noticed them,
they are there.

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 Recurring Dreams:
It is safe to assume that a recurring dream will have
something important to say to us about the way we are
conducting our waking lives, so it will be worth trying to
discover what its message is.
Nightmares :
Nightmares are the way in which our subconscious scolds
us and says, "pay attention!" Anyone who has had a vivid
nightmare, knows it is very difficult to forget it once you
awaken.
If a nightmare occurs, your subconscious is trying to tell you
something very important, perhaps something you have
been ignoring or refusing to accept as a truth within your
life situation.

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 Dreams In Series:
Dreams tend to come in a series. After you
have recorded a significant amount of
dreams, you will begin to see that a certain
dream theme was being dealt with for several
nights in a row. Consider this like a school
course, and each dream a lesson pertaining to
your life. If you learn from the dream theme,
and alter your behavior or belief system, the
series will end.

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 Out of Body Experiences (OBE'S):
What is an OBE and how does it differ from
dreaming? An OBE is quite different from any of the
other dream experiences. The only difficulties is
studying these phenomenons, since no one has had
one under the study of a dream psychologist. It is
similar to lucid dreaming only in the fact that
consciousness is present. It is not uncommon to see
the body, as we drift upward and out of it, sleeping
upon the bed. Most everyone has heard of people
who have been clinically pronounced "dead" but
then return to their body. This is referred to as a
NDE or Near Death Experience.

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 ESP In Dreams:
Extrasensory perception, better known as ESP, is
response to external stimuli without any known
sensory contact. Many people have claimed to
have dreams in which they have predicted future
events, learned about a subject that they had no
previous knowledge of, or even met up with a
friend in a dream only to find upon awakening
that their friend also dreamt about the meeting.
These are all cases of ESP in dreams.

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 Types of ESP:
 Precognition
 Dream Psychometry
 Synchronous

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 Precognition –
This is one of the most common types of dream ESP people
talk about. Apparently, they seem to dream about an
event before it happens in reality, and in startlingly
accurate detail. Some do not even realize that their dream
are precognitive until the event starts to happen in real life
exactly as they had in the dream. If these dreams really do
predict future events, this could have great implications. It
may be that they future has already been decided and that
we are just following a set path in our life. There are people
without a precognitive dreaming background that believe
this as well, but even though it may sound a bit strange, it
could confirm their beliefs if ESP in dreams in found to be
factual.

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 Dream Psychometry –
This is the most uncommon of the three areas of dream
ESP. These too, are accounts that cannot be proved
because they are based purely on what the dreamer
experiences. Dream psychometry is gaining information
about an object in your dreams of which you know
nothing about in waking life. The easiest way to do this
would be to take a picture of a person you don't know
and think about this person before you go to sleep at
night. Then, when you wake up in the morning, record
your dream and analyze them for any meaning that
could relate to the picture. You may even want to try this
with a book, such as calculus, the night before you have a
test on the subject and see if you learn anything. This is
not suggested unless you have no other options, this is
referred to as osmosis, when you aren't in the dreaming
state.

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 Synchronous –
These are dreams in which the dreamer encounters
another familiar character in a dream, and upon
awakening and talking to that person they also recount
the same dream experience during the night. If shared
dreams are possible, it could prove the astral projection
theory that goes along with OBE's. Even though most
people are skeptical about this idea, that is the way we
have been brought up, especially in western culture,
which is not believing something unless there is sufficient
scientific evidence to back it up. We may never be sure
whether any of these theories will be proven, since the
study of these rare occurrences is very difficult, so the
only thing we can do is keep dreaming and know what
we believe for ourselves.

35. OTHER ASSOCIATED PHENOMENA:
 Rapid eye movement (REM)
 False awakening
 Sleep paralysis
 Out-of-body experience
 Rarity

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 Rapid eye movement:
When a person is dreaming, the eyes move
rapidly. Scientific research has found that
these eye movements correspond to the
direction in which the dreamer is "looking" in
his/her dreamscape; this has enabled trained
lucid dreamers to communicate whilst
dreaming to researchers by using eye
movement signals.

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 False awakening:
In a false awakening, one suddenly dreams of
having been awakened. Commonly in a false
awakening, the room is similar to the room in
which the person fell asleep.
 Sleep paralysis:
During REM sleep the body is paralyzed by a
mechanism in the brain in order to prevent
the movements which occur in the dream
from causing the physical body to move.

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 Out-of-body experience:
An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes
OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a
sensation of floating outside of one's body and,
in some cases, perceiving one's physical body
from a place outside one's body (autoscopy).
About one in ten people have had an out-of-
body experience at some time in their
lives.Scientists are starting to learn about the
phenomenon.

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 Rarity:
Given the frequent bizarreness, illogic and dislocation of
dreams, some researchers have questioned why dreamers
are not lucid all of the time. How can our dreaming selves
accept as real so many settings, images and events that in
waking life, we assume, would immediately jolt us into
disbelief? The answer to this has been approached in three
categories of investigation.
Depth psychology suggests that the unconscious “dream-
work” is repressing or inhibiting critical evaluation of the
dream in order to perform its salutary function. “Belief” in
the dream symbols and experience is required for healing,
personality integration or catharsis to take place. Lucidity
can only arise if a person is relatively free of un-reconciled
conflicts which form barriers.

40. WHY WE DREAM?
 There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is
why there are so many theories on the topic.
 There is Freud’s theory that dreams carry our hidden
desires and there is Jung’s theory that dreams carry
meaning, although not always of desires, and these
dreams can be interpreted by the dreamer.
 After these theories, others continued such as the
Cayce theory in that dreams are our bodies means of
building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well-
being. Finally came the argument between Evans’
theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory.

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 Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way
of storing the vast array of information
gained during the day, whereas Crick and
MItchinson say that this information is being
dumped rather than stored. Whichever
theory is true, we may never know, but from
these following theories we can decide for
ourselves what we believe to be true and
further help us into understanding our
dreams.

42. DREAM HISTORY:
 Ancient Dreamers:
 Early Greek Thinking:
 Roman Theories:
 Biblical Visions:
 Middle-Eastern Ideas:
 European Attitudes:
 Modern Thinking:

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 Dream interpretations dates back to 3000—
4000 B.C., where they were documented on
clay tablets. People in some primal societies
were unable to distinguish between the
dream world and waking world or they simply
choose not to make such a distinction. They
saw that the dream world was not only an
extension of reality, but that it was a more
powerful world.

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 Ancient Dreamers:
 Dreams were originally believed to be message from
the Gods, or supernatural communications of some
kind. During the 12th dynasty (1991-1786 bc), the
Egyptians were certainly attempting to interpret
their dreams, for they published a book setting, out
some of the conclusions they had reached about
dream symbols. It was in ancient Egypt that the
process of “dream incubation” began: a person who
was emotionally disturbed or wanted to ask the
Gods fro help, would be put to sleep in a temple, and
the priest ( or Master of the secret things) would
interpret their dreams.

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 Early Greek Thinking:
 Dreams in Greek Mythology
 Morpheus & The Oneiroi
 In Greek mythology Morpheus was one of the
four sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep. The four
sons of Hypnos and Pasithea (herself associated
with relaxation and hallucination) were Icelus,
Morpheus, Phobetor and Phantasos. These four
were known collectively as the Oneiroi. Some
stories tell that Icelus and Phobetor were one
and the same which would mean there were only
three Oneiroi.

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 The Oneiroi lived on the shores of the ocean and were
between them responsible for the dreams of mortals. Of
the four Oneiroi, Morpheus is the most important. That
said, he doesn't appear a great deal in mythology and is
mainly known through the works of Ovid.
 Morpheus - Greek God of Dreams:
Morpheus (sometimes incorrectly spelt "Morpeheus")
was the chief shaper of dreams (his name means "he who
shapes"). He was assisted by his brothers. Icelus
concentrated on those aspects of dreams that reflected
reality, Phobetor made fearsome dreams (hence
"phobia") whilst Phantasus produced tricky and unreal
dreams (hence "fantasy", "phantasmagoria", etc).

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 Ovid suggests that Morpheus had a special talent for
mimicking human form in dreams. In Metamorphoses
Ovid says:
 "King Sleep was father of a thousand sons - indeed a
tribe - and of them all, the one he chose was Morpheus,
who had such skill in miming any human form at will. No
other Dream can match his artistry in counterfeiting
men: their voice, their gait, their face - their moods; and,
too, he imitates their dress precisely and the words they
use most frequently. But he mimes only men..."
 Phobetor and Phantasos had responsibility for dreams
about animals and inanimate objects respectively.

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 Morpheus also had special responsiblity for the
dreams of kings and heroes. For these reasons
Morpheus is often referred to as "Morpheus the
Greek god of dreams" in superiority to his
brothers.
 Morpheus himself was said to sleep in a rather
unusual bedroom - a dark cave decorated with
poppy flowers. This is perhaps a reference to the
opium poppy; morphine was named after
Morpheus (initially morphine was called
"morphium").

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 The first step into modern Dream interpretation was
taken in the 5th century B.C. the Greek philosopher
Heraclitus ( c.544-483) suggested that a person’s
dream would was peculiar to them, and was not
necessarily a result of outside influences—even
those of the GODS.
 Most Greek philosophers at some time concerned
themselves with dreams and what they might mean:
 Plato (c.428-c.348 b.c.) realised how radically
dreams could affect a personality or a life,. In the
Phaedo Plato dercribes how Socrates studied music
and the arts because he was instructed to do so in a
dream.

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 A century after the death of Heraclitus, Aristotle
(384-322 b.c.) finally put an end to the idea of
dreams as messages from the Gods, and tried to
study the dreams process in a rational way. He
points out ( in his Dedivinatione per Somnum)
that “most so-called prophetic dreams are the to
be classed as mere coincidences, especially all
such as are extravagant”, and latter asserts that “
the most skilful interpreter of dreams is he who
has the faculty of absorbing resemblances. In his
Parva naturalia, Aristotle suggested that dreams
were in fact fragments of recollections of events
of the day.

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 He also advanced the theory that dreams were a
reflection of the bodily state, and a doctor could
therefore use a patient’s dream as a means of
diagnosing an illness. This idea was supported by
Hippocrates (c.460-357 B.C), the founder of
modern medicine, and is prevalent today. Galen
of Pergamum (AD 129-99),a Greaco-Roman
physician, followed the same line.
 For example, he recorded that a man dreamed
that his left thigh was turned into marble, and
soon after lost the use of his left leg as a result of
a palsy.

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 Roman Theories:
 Although earlier documents exist ( notably the
Egyptian dream book known as the Chester
Beatty Papyrus), the Oneirocriticon or the
interpretation of dreams by the Roman
Artemidorus (c.A.D.150) is the first
comprehensive book on the interpretation of
dreams.
 Artemidorus argued that dreams were unique to
the dreamer: the person’s occupation, social
status, and health would all affect the symbols in
a dream.

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 A second oneirocriticon written by
Astrampsychus (c.AD 350) bears some
resemblance to the dream books that the
Victorians produced Astrampsychus’s volume
contained statements such as “ to wear a
purple robe threatens a long disease” and “ to
hold or eat eggs symbolises vexation in the
book may be accurate, for example: “sitting
naked signifies less of property”.

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 Biblical Visions:
 The Christians revived the beliefs that dreams were
supernatural events. The old Testament of the Bible is full
of dreams: the most famous is probably Jacob’s dream of a
ladder or staircase from earth to heaven.
 St.John Chrysostom (347-407) preached that God revealed
himself through dreams. He also made the remarkably
modern statement that we are not responsible for our
dreams, and should not therefore be ashamed of any
images that appear in them. both St. Augustine (354-430)
and St. Jerome (c.342-420) claimed that the directions of
their lives were affected by their dreams.
 Most religions had considerable respect for dreams.
Mohammed (c.570-632) “received” much of the text of the
Koran in a dream, and interpreted his disciples dreams for
them.

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 Middle-Eastern Ideas:
Early work on dream interpretation was not confined
to the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Christians. In
Persia, “Sifat-i-Sirozah” ( an unidentified writer)
devised a scheme relying on time: a dream could
only be interpreted according to the particular day it
occurred. The Zoroastrians were particularly
devoted to this theory, which set out rules for each
day of the month, for example: “ the second day is
that of Bahman...events dreamed of will occur in
four days, but the hopes which may be cherished will
be disappointed.”

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 The most notable early Arabic dream interpreter
was Gabdorrhachaman (c.A.D. 720), whose
theories first appeared in the west in 1664,
published in French as L’onirocrite Mussulman.
He considers that dreams was prophetic, and
could only be interpreted by those who
possessed “ a clean spirit, chaste morals, and the
world of Truth”. Gabadarrhachaman’s aphorisms
seem to have been based on his own instinct
rather than on any particular understanding of
symbolism: “he who dreams that his tongue has
shortened immoderately will utter much folly
and ribaldry”.

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 European Attitudes:
 Robert Cross Smith (1795-1832) from Bristol, set up as an
astrologer under the name “ Raphael” and became
enormously successful. Two years before his death, he
published “ the royal book of dreams, inwhich he devised a
procedure for interpreting dreams by the use of “ ciphers”. “
thy dream presages a saturnine enemy,” or “A full merry,
and right joyful dream; it tells of banquets and feasting.”
Modern dream interpretation may have begun with Alfred
Maury, a French doctor who is reputed to have studied over
3000 dreams. He believed that dreams arose from external
stimuli. A particular dream of his own suggested to him
that dreams might arise so quickly that they were almost
simultaneous with the stimulus that produced them.

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 He dreamed that it was during the Reign of Terror of the
French revolution, and he was condemned and led to the
guillotine. As the blade of the guillotine fell, he woke up to
find that the top of the bed had fallen down and had struck
the top of his spine. Just as the guillotine would actually
have struck him.
 However, this line of thought proved to be relatively
unimportant, and it was the development of the theory of
the unsconscious that marked the beginning of the modern
attitude to dream interpretation.
 Johann Fichte (1762-1814) and his disciple Friedrich
Schelling (1775-1854) had already begun to suspect that
dreams revealed our unconscious fears and desires, but it
was with the publication in 1900 of Sigmund Freud’s The
Interpretation of Dreams, that modern work on dream
interpretation really begun.

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 Modern Thinking:
 Freud (1865-1939) set out the theory that, although
they may be prompted by external stimuli, wish
fulfilment was the basis of most dreams. According
to him, our dreams reflected our deepest desires,
rooted in our infancy, and always held a serious
meaning. He stressed the erotic content of dreams.
 Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) collaborated with
Freud for some years, but disagreed with him on this
very point: hidden sexual problems were not, Jung
argued, at the root of most dreams. Jung suggested
that dreamer, in fact important messages from
ourselves to ourselves, and messages that we ignore
to our loss.

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 Other theories:
Theories about dreams have continued to be
developed since Freud and Jung published their
respective views. Some psychologists, like Medard
Boss in the Analysis of Dreams (1958), have
suggested that it is pointless to have any theory
about dreams—that they are simply another facet of
life, as meaningless as waking existence. Similarly,
some psychologists believe that dreams merely
“wipe the tape”; they dispose of memories that
would otherwise clutter our minds with numerous
remembered experiences and emotions.

61. Continue-19
 The Gestalt Technique sees dreams as aids to
the organization and structuring of
information, so the dreamer should consider
every element of the dream, which will relate
to some “unfinished business” of the mind.

62. DREAM INTERPRETATION:
 Recording Your Dreams
 Interpreting Your Dreams
 Interpretation Problems
 Dream interpretation

63. Continue-1
 Recording Your Dreams:
For all of those people out there who are interested in
learning about what their dreams mean to them in their life
need to live by one rule. Always write down your dreams
whenever you have them, soon after you have them.
However well you think you can remember your dreams,
you should have a record that you can work with to help
you see any patterns that occur in your dream. The best
way to interpret your own dreams is to first begin with
having your own dream journal. You should allow yourself
an area where you can write the dreams on the left side of
the journal and the interpretations on the right side, or
vice-versa. By having this journal will already get your mind
set into the idea of having dreams, since you already have
the journal to record them in.

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 Interpreting Your Dreams:
The first thing you need to know about interpreting your
dreams is that you should never use a dream dictionary
because dreams are yours and yours only to interpret.
You may want to start large with the dream itself and
asking it questions, such as:
1. What were you doing in the dream?
2. What are the major contrasts and similarities in the
dream and how do they relate?
3. What are the major symbols and relationships between
these symbols?
4. What are the issues, conflicts, and unresolved situations
in the dream?
5. What relationship does this dream or the symbols in the
dream, have to do with any other dream?

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 After you have answered all these questions to
yourself you can begin getting to the specifics:
1. How am I acting in the dream?
2. What symbols in this dream are important to me?
3. What are the different feelings in this dream?
4. What are the major actions in this dream?
5. Who or what is the adversary in this dream?
6. What is helping in this dream?
7. What would I like to avoid in this dream?
8. What actions might this dream be suggesting?
9. What does this dream want from me?
10. Why did I need this dream?

66. Continue-4
 Interpretation Problems:
It's not uncommon to have problems with interpretation.
The main thing that you have to realize is that you have the
answer. Sometimes it's easy to see. Sometimes it isn't.
The best approach to tackling a tough dream is to relax.
It has been found that the more difficult the dream, the
more important it is to your life.
The main thing you need to realize is that the dream will
come to you, whether it takes a few mintues, hours, or
possibly the next day. Give it some time, because it may
not be ready to reveal it's true meaning. All you need to do
is make a record of the dream and one day it may make so
much sense to you that you couldn't possibly imagine why
it gave you so much trouble. Give it some time, because it
may not be ready to reveal it's true meaning.

67. Continue-5
 Dream interpretation:
Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning
to dreams. In many of the ancient societies, including Egypt
and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural
communication or a means of divine intervention, whose
message could be unravelled by those with certain powers.
In modern times, various schools of psychology have
offered theories about the meaning of dreams.
Freud’s book The Interpretation of Dreams ('Die
Traumdeutung'; literally 'dream-interpretation'), first
published in 1899 (but dated 1900), that Sigmund Freud
first argued that the foundation of all dream content is
wish-fulfilment, and that the instigation of a dream is
always to be found in the events of the day preceding the
dream.

68. Continue-6
 Freudian Dream Tools:
 According to Freud, dreams always have a manifest
and latent content. The manifest content is what
the dreams seems to be saying. It is often bizarre
and nonsensical. The latent content is what the
dream is really trying to say. Dreams gives us a look
into our unconscious. Utilizing the technique of "free
association", Freud believed that we can chip
through the dream's manifest content to reveal the
underlying significance of our dreams and its latent
content. In this technique, you start with one dream
symbol and then follow what comes to your mind
next and see where it leads.

69. Continue-7
 To further help in interpreting the cryptic images of
our dreams, Freud classified the images into the
following five processes:
 1. Displacement
This occurs when the desire for one thing or person
is symbolized by something or someone else.
 2. Projection
This happens when the dreamer propels their own
desires and wants onto another person.
 3. Symbolization
This is characterized when your repressed urges or
suppressed desired or acted out metaphorically.

70. Continue-8
 4. Condensation
This is the process in which the dreamer hides their feelings
or urges by contracting it or underplaying it into a brief
dream image or event. The meaning of this dream imagery
may not be apparent or obvious.
 5. Rationalization
This is seen as the final stage of dreamwork where the
dreaming mind organizes an incoherent dream into one
that is more comprehensible and logical. Also known as
secondary revision.
Freud was particularly preoccupied with sexual content in
dreams. He believed that sex was the root cause of what
was happening in your dreams. For Freud, every long
slender or elongated objects (i.e. knives, cigars, guns, etc)
represent the phallus, while any cavity or receptacle (bowls,
caves, tunnels, etc) denotes the female genitalia.

71. Continue-9
 Jung
Although not dismissing Freud's model of dream
interpretation wholesale, Carl Jung believed Freud's notion
of dreams as representations of unfulfilled wishes to be
simplistic and naive (Freud returned the favor by publicly
opining that Jung was fine for those who were looking for a
prophet [Freud, "Introductory Lecutures"]). Jung was
convinced that the scope of dream interpretation was
larger, reflecting the richness and complexity of the entire
unconscious, both personal and collective. Jung believed
the psyche to be a self-regulating organism in which
conscious attitudes were likely to be compensated for
unconsciously (within the dream) by their opposites.[1]

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 Jungian Dream Interpretation:
 Since dreams were a way of communicating with the
unconscious, Jung felt that the imageries in dreams were a way
of revealing something about ourselves, our relationships with
others, and situations in our waking life. Dreams guided our
personal growth and helped to self achieve our potential. He
also believed that the dream's manifest content is just as
significant and revealing as the latent content. Often discussing
what is currently going on in your life, helps to interpret and
unlock the cryptic and bizarre images of your dreams. Jung's
method of dream interpretation is placed more confidently on
the dreamer. He believed that we all possess the necessary tools
to interpret our own dreams. There is no one correct way to
interpret a dream. The meaning of your dreams is a personal
judgment and is up to you on how to interpret them. Whatever
interpretation felt right to you is most significant and more
important than what someone else thinks or believes.

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 Jung identified seven such symbols in what is referred to as the
major archetypal characters:
 1. The Persona is the image you present to the world in
your waking life. It is your public mask. In the dream world, the
persona is represented by the Self. The Self may or may not
resemble you physically or may or may not behave as your
would. For example, the persona can appear as a scarecrow or a
beggar in your dream. However, you still know that this "person"
in your dream is you.
 2. The Shadow is the rejected and repressed aspects of yourself.
It is the part of yourself that you do not want the world to see
because it is ugly or unappealing. It symbolizes weakness, fear, or
anger. In dreams, this figure is represented by a stalker,
murderer, a bully, or pursuer. It can be a frightening figure or
even a close friend or relative. Their appearance often makes
you angry or leaves you scared. They force you to confront things
that you don't want to see or hear. You must learn to accept the
shadow aspect of yourself for its messages are often for your
own good, even though it may not be immediately apparent.

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 The Anima / Animus is the female and male aspects of
yourself. Everyone possess both feminine and masculine
qualities. In dreams, the anima appears as a highly
feminized figure, while the animus appears as a hyper
masculine form. Or you may dream that you are dressed in
women's clothing, if you are male or that you grow a beard,
if you are female. These dream imageries appear
depending on how well you are able to integrate the
feminine and masculine qualities within yourself. They
serve as a reminder that you must learn to acknowledge or
express your masculine (be more assertive) or feminine side
(be more emotional).
 4. The Divine Child is your true self in its purest form. It not
only symbolizes your innocence, your sense of
vulnerability, and your helplessness, but it represents your
aspirations and full potential. You are open to all
possibilities. In the dreamscape, this figure is represented
by a baby or young child.

75. Continue-13
 The Wise Old Man /Woman is the helper in your
dreams. Represented by a teacher, father, doctor,
priest or some other unknown authority figure, they
serve to offer guidance and words of wisdom. They
appear in your dream to steer and guide you into the
right direction.
 6. The Great Mother is the nurturer. The Great
Mother appears in your dreams as your own mother,
grandmother, or other nurturing figure. She
provides you with positive reassurance. Negatively,
they may be depicted as a witch or old bag lady in
which case they can be associated with seduction,
dominance and death. This juxtaposition is rooted in
the belief by some experts that the real mother who
is the giver of life is also at the same time jealous of
our growth away from her.

76. Continue-14
 The Trickster, as the name implies, plays jokes to keep you
from taking yourself too seriously. The trickster may appear
in your dream when you have overreach or misjudge a
situation. Or he could find himself in your dream when you
are uncertain about a decision or about where you want to
go in life. The trickster often makes you feel uncomfortable
or embarrassed, sometimes mocking you or exposing you
to your vulnerabilities. He may take on subtle forms,
sometimes even changing its shape.
 Archetypal dreams, also referred to as "mythic dreams" or
"grand dreams", usually occur at significant times or
transitional periods in your life. They often leave you with a
sense of awe or that you have learned something important
about yourself. Such dreams have a cosmic quality or an
element of impossibility if occurred in reality. They are
often extremely vivid and stay in your mind long after you
had the dream.

77. Continue-15
 Jung believed that archetypes such as the animus,
the anima, the shadow and others manifested
themselves in dreams, as dream symbols or figures.
Such figures could take the form of an old man, a
young maiden or a giant spider as the case may be.
Each represents an unconscious attitude that is
largely hidden to the conscious mind. Although an
integral part of the dreamers psyche, these
manifestations were largely autonomous and were
perceived by the dreamer to be external personages.
Acquaintance with the archetypes as manifested by
these symbols serve to increase one's awareness of
unconscious attitudes, integrating seemingly
disparate parts of the psyche and contributing to the
process of holistic self understanding he considered
paramount.[2]

78. Continue-16
 Jung stressed that the dream was not merely a devious
puzzle invented by the unconscious to be deciphered, so
that the 'true' causal factors behind it may be elicited.
Dreams were not to serve as lie detectors, with which to
reveal the insincerity behind conscious thought processes.
Dreams, like the unconscious, had their own language. As
representations of the unconscious, dream images have
their own primacy and logic.
 Jung believed that dreams may contain ineluctable truths,
philosophical pronouncements, illusions, wild fantasies,
memories, plans, irrational experiences and even telepathic
visions.[3] Just as the psyche has a diurnal side which we
experience as conscious life, it has an unconscious
nocturnal side which we apprehend as dreamlike fantasy.
Jung would argue that just as we do not doubt the
importance of our conscious experience, then we ought not
to second guess the value of our unconscious lives.

79. Continue-17
 Alfred Adler
 Alfred Adler (1870 -1937) believed that dreams were
an important vehicle to mastering control over our
waking lives. They were problem solving devices.
Dreams need to be brought to conscious light and
interpreted so that we can better understand and
solve our problems. It is important to learn from our
dreams and incorporate them into our waking life.
Because of Adler's belief that dreams were
correlated with the problems in our daily life, he
further went on to say that the more dreams we
have, then the more problems we are likely to have.
And thus the less dreams we have, then the less
problems we have and more psychologically healthy
we are.

80. Continue-18
 Unlike Freud, Adler believed that control, power and
motivation were the driving force behind behavior, not
sexual impulses. Furthermore, he did not think that our
actions and behavior or ruled by our unconscious, but
rather the strive for perfection and need for control is what
cause us to do the things we do. In fact, Adler did not
believe that the conscious and unconscious functioned
against each other. We acted the same way whether we are
awake or sleeping.
 Adler's view of dreams was that they were an open
pathway toward our true thoughts, emotions and actions.
In our dreams, we are able to clearly see our aggressive
impulses and desires. Adler saw dreams as a way of
overcompensating for the shortcomings in our waking life.
For example, if a person is unable to stand up to their boss,
then he or she may feel more comfortable (and safely) to
lash out their anger at the boss in a dream. Dreams offer
some sort of satisfaction that may be more socially
acceptable.

81. Continue-19
 Frederick Perls
 Frederick Perls (1893-1970) was the founder of
Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy seeks to fill
your emotional voids so that you can then
become a unified whole. Perls believed that
dreams contain the rejected, disowned parts of
the Self. Every character and every object in a
dream represents an aspect of the Self. You are
the tornado, you are the attacker, you are the
broken down car and you are the dusty book.
Perls rejected the notion that dreams were part
of a universal symbolic language. He believed
that each dream is unique to the individual who
dreams it.

82. Continue-20
 In order to discover what aspect of yourself is
being disowned, Perls believed that it is
important to retell your dream in the present
tense and act it out. It is important to verbalize
how each and every component in your dream
feels, even inanimate objects. Reenact the
dream and take on the role of the different
characters and objects. Start a dialogue with the
dream object and express how you feel toward
each other. By taking on a different role within
your dream and reenact it, you may then be able
to acknowledge and realize feelings that you
may have overlooked or buried.

83. Continue-21
 In 1954, Calvin S. Hall developed a theory of dreams
in which dreaming is considered to be a cognitive
process.[4] Hall argued that a dream was simply a
thought or sequence of thoughts that occurred
during sleep, and that dream images are visual
representations of personal conceptions. For
example, if one dreams of being attacked by friends,
this may be a manifestation of fear of friendship; a
more complicated example, which requires a cultural
metaphor, is that a cat within a dream symbolizes a
need to use one's intuition. For English speakers, it
may suggest that the dreamer must recognise that
there is "more than one way to skin a cat", or in
other words, more than one way to do something.

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 Faraday, et al.
 In the 1970s, Ann Faraday and others helped bring dream
interpretation into the mainstream by publishing books on
do-it-yourself dream interpretation and forming groups to
share and analyze dreams. Faraday focused on the
application of dreams to situations occurring in one's life.
For instance, some dreams are warnings of something
about to happen – e.g. a dream of failing an examination, if
one is a student, may be a literal warning of
unpreparedness. Outside of such context, it could relate to
failing some other kind of test. Or it could even have a "
punny" nature, e.g. that one has failed to examine some
aspect of his life adequately.
 Faraday noted that "one finding has emerged pretty firmly
from modern research, namely that the majority of dreams
seem in some way to reflect things that have preoccupied
our minds during the previous day or two."[5]

85. Continue-23
 New Age
 Interpretation of dreams is also a part of contemporary pop and
new age culture. Edgar Cayce claimed that through dreaming,
people are given access to their spirit, and further, that all
possible questions could be answered from the inner
consciousness given the proper awareness [6]
 A shamanistic model of dream work gained some popularity in
the consciousness movement through the work of two dream
researchers and authors, Ariadne Green and Stanley Krippner. In
Ariadne Green’s model outlined in her book Ariadne’s Book of
Dreams, dreams are viewed as coming from three interior worlds,
the upper world, lower world and the middle world, honoring the
indigenous shaman’s perspective on the terrain of the soul. Some
dream characters are viewed as messengers who bring insights
and gifts of wisdom from the divine realms while others enter the
stage to bring new insights into the dreamer’s personality.
Animals in dreams are viewed as powerful archetypes from the
lower world that initiate the dreamer and lend spiritual power
and healing potentials.

86. THE IMPORTANCE OF DREAMING:
 Do we dream in order to sleep or do we sleep in order to dream?
Although that question remains debatable, researchers agree that there
is a purpose and importance to dreaming.
 Research have shown that people who are deprived from entering the
dream phase of sleep (i.e. REM stage), exhibit symptoms of irritability
and anxiety. In one dream study, volunteers were woken up right before
they entered into the dream state. Then they were allowed to fall back
to sleep. Again, right before they enter REM sleep, they were woken up.
This continued on through the night. The volunteers slept the same
amount of time as they normally did. The next day, these volunteers
went about their day. They were observed to be disoriented,
depressed, crabby, and quick tempered. There was a general
impairment in their daily functioning. Some ate more than usual. As
this study continued on through several nights, subjects became more
and more noticeably agitated. Deprivation of REM sleep causes over-
sensitivity, lack of concentration and memory loss.
 This study shows the importance of dreaming and its role in our well-
being and health. Some researchers believe that dreams help us tackle
stress. It is clear that dreaming help recharge the mind and revitalize the
body. Dreaming is a necessity.

87. OBJECTIVES & HYPOTHESIS
 The present objective of the study as formulated by the
investigator is:
Under the tense situation, the dreamer has more terrific
dream;
Under the calm situation, the dreamer has no more
terrific dream.
 The Hypothesis of the study is:
It is expected that under the tense situation (due to
bullied attitude to the case narrative person that was
totally unknown to the subject),the dreamer has more
terrific dream.
It is expected that under the calm situation( means
already known bullied is going to happen and prepared
by the subject in her own), the dreamer has no more
terrific dream.

88. CHAPTER-II
 Review of Literature:

89. CHAPTER-III: METHODOLOGY :
 There are four sources of dream reports,
namely,
 The sleep laboratory;
 The psychotherapy relationship;
 Personal dream journels; and
 Report written down on anonymous forms in
group settings, of which the classroom is the
most typical.
In this present work, the investigators used
dream journals as a narrative case study.

90. Continue-1
 Dream journals are a form of “personal document” long
recognized in psychology as having the potential for providing
insights into personality. They are “nonreactive” archival sources
that have not been influenced by the purposes of the
investigators who analyze them. dream journals have been
extremely valuable in establishing the considerable consistency
in what people dream about whatever the purposes of the journal
writer.
 Dream journals are a third source of dream reports. The best
known dream journals are those discussed by Jungian analysts,
but journals kept for personal, artistic, or intellectual reasons
have been studied with great profit as well.
 For all their potential usefulness, dream journals are not without
their drawbacks. Even after showing initial willingness, some
people may not want to provide dreams for scientific scrutiny.
Journals may have gaps or omissions. The journal writer may not
be willing to reply to inferences about his or her personal life
based on a blind analysis of the journal’s contents. Dream
journals therefore are best used selectively and into he context of
other dream samples.

91. Continue-2
 Sample:
Dream of the subject : A longitudinal case narrative
(Neutral person assigned as case narrative person) are
those who does not make any group system in either of the
bi-cluster groups but he/she minutely observes the ongoing
situation of the either of the working process of the bi-
cluster groups and give intervention consciously or
unconsciously on their ongoing process. These bi-cluster
groups also observes in what way the neutral person can be
used for their own opportunistic goal.
 Instruments:
Deep observation
Period of study: from 2004 to 2011 consists of two phases
 First phase of observation: 2004 to 2006
 Second phase of observation: End of 2006 to Dec.2011.

92. Continue-3
 Procedure:
Bullying from bi-cluster groups ( from the investigator point of view)
Bullying can be taken place in many forms. It is something unwanted
things or words or statement delivered by group of person to another
person/or a power person wants to suppress someone for in any
reasons.
 How does bullying take place?
 Bullying can be taken place at workplace, administration, educational
settings, corporate sector and so on.
 Here let’s discuss it in the academic Institution. In an academic
institution, you can observe that many people having different
educational background, having different teaching experiences, having
different composition of age groups etc. are working together under
one rules and regulations. It does not mean that dissimilarity does not
happen but it happens. Another thing you can observe in such
educational setting is, making groups i.e., ingroup and outgroup. Such
groups may belong to different composition of ethnic groups, different
composition of religious groups, different composition of age groups,
sometimes they shared their values, sometimes they shared their
subjects and so on.

93. Continue-4
 In each and every institution, there is a post of Head.
Sometimes such head was supervised by groups or
sometimes by each sections of the academic
institution.
 In such institution, you can observe the role of
collective responsibility and uniqueness in nature.
 So, if you look back how does bullying take place on
such workplace or academic institution, you may
come up similar point as I mentioned as follow:
 Unwanted candidate;
 Failed to the pre-planned act;
 Group influences;
 Trying to bring issue in larger context;
 Removing the unwanted candidate.

94. Continue-5
 Unwanted candidate:
Here I (nbd) want to depict about a young person
who never knew what is going to the workplace
where she got selected. When she entered to the
workplace, she might be happy because she got job
but for the existing colleague, she became a part of
an unwanted candidate. Because colleague wants
another person but due to the intervention from the
higher authority, she got selected over there. Now
she never knew that she was the unwanted
candidate. So she started doing her work as given by
their senior colleague and senior colleague is
observing minutely her due to her unwanted to the
place. In such cases, bullying activities come from
senior colleague, like she is not coming on time, she
never teaches well etc..

95. Continue-6
 Failed to the pre-planned act:
Using more and more bullying activities mean that it may involve that
their pre-planned act is going to fail. Failed pre-planned act can involve
many things like they could not able to remove the unwanted candidate,
so, trying to remove such unwanted candidate, the following bullying
activities may come up to the unwanted candidate:
 Students complain that they donot understand what the unwanted
candidate is teaching ( based on language sound);
 She could not able to complete her syllabus on time;
 She does not have paper publication;
 She came late and gone early;
 She never submit the internal assessment in time;
 She never attend the departmental meeting;
 She does not know the time-table
 Informing information differently i.e. inside channel one n outside to the
target candidate gives in different way;
 In one cultural n one ethnic groups use different activities using many
types of malingering etc.

96. Continue-7
 Group Influences:
Group influences are related to the second point. Those
colleagues who could not succeed their plan, started
spreading bullying activities to their own group circles
regarding the unwanted candidate. So you can imagine
what would happen to the unwanted candidate. Trying to
keep her in a state of tension and confusion.
 Trying to bring issue in larger context:
This fourth point is related to group influences. Here, the
colleagues and group influences never take the opinion of
the unwanted candidate. Together they try to suppress the
unwanted candidate sothat they can remove her. So they
try to bring it in an issue form. This issue is totally revolved
around the unwanted candidate and the head of the
institution never want any issue. So, the head also started
listening to the senior colleague without investigating the
matter carefully.

97. Continue-8
 Removing the unwanted candidate due to failure of their
pre-planned act:
 Some senior colleague never stop doing another bullying
activities; so they tried to overlap routines with the senior
and unwanted candidate. But unwanted candidate have to
follow whatever the other senior is saying.
 So, here, bullying nature is that unwanted candidate does
not know the routine..sometimes fixing the classroom
simultaneously like that…
 If you observe in bullying attitude, you will find that all the
time senior colleague concerned to the unwanted
candidate will do something and show it in another way. As
you know that senior colleague have more friends circles
and more interaction to the power people. And they know
and use persuasive methods to bring the power people in
their side.

98. Continue-9
 So, due to failure of their pre-plan act, they used
multiple strategies how to remove the unwanted
candidate. At last they ( ingroup and outgroup)
come up in an stage…i.e..conditional way of
planning.. under this conditional way of their
plan, unwanted candidate comes up under the
vulnerable condition, automatically have to go,
otherwise, her future career may be lost. Under
such conditional way of planning, involving all
the power people, made termination letter for
the unwanted candidate to achieve their goal
and strategies.

99. Continue-10
 So, in short, the nature of bullying activities are as follows in academic
institution to remove the unwanted candidate.
 She is not coming on time;
 She never finish the syllabus on time;
 She had gone back early;
 She could not give lecture well;
 Her language is difficult to understand…means tone are different;
 She never submit the internal assessment marks on time;
 She never respect to the seniors; not saying good morning coming
towards them (seniors).
 She wrongly enter the class of seniors;
 She does not know where to take the class of the students;
 She never listen what the seniors are talking;
 Seniors make committee n juniors are not part of it and juniors have to
take signature from each members of the committee before submitting
the report to the office…while making such committee they give disturb
to the unwanted candidate…but allow very easily for another junior…
then they try to make some game behind such signature;

100. Continue-11
 Such bullying attitude are very frequently used by seniors
to keep the unwanted person in tension, confusion and
such things are spread to the whole institution and the
members of the whole institution start watching to the
unwanted person. One thing the investigator wants to
mention is that such things is more prominent to the
person
 Who have no support system from the institution as well as
the outside the institution;
 Who lack interaction to the members of the whole
institution;
 Who came from different ethnic groups;
 Who have been targeted in their pre-planned act;
 Besides this, the head of the institution is totally influenced
by their pre-planned act that could not able to fight for the
unwanted candidate.

101. Continue-12
 Bi-cluster groups different way of instrumental behaviour to the case
narrative person as mentioned above but when such things are going on
the case narrative person is totally unaware in the initial stage she
remains tense and it makes dream to the case narrative person like
warning dream to her but she neglected all the time.
 Here bi-cluster groups pre-plan work to remove the case narrative
person or trying to keep in another place but both the situation case
narrative was unaware in the initial stage but latter can able to associate
with when she was out and she can recalling her dream at that period of
time and associate to workplace conflictual situation.
 Here workplace conflictual situation means the two groups have their
own goal but due to lack of space one group got the goal but another
does not get the goal. But due the hailing of the another person (here
case narrative person) another group does not get the goal. Then a
tension or conflict situation arises on the basis of removing case
narrative person or another group’s fulfil goal has to be targeted. While
doing such things many things are visible. In such factors brought an
interpersonal conflictual workplace situation.


102. CHAPTER—IV : RESULT
 Case profile:
 The subject who narrated her case was 31 year old at that time n
working in one Institution. She observed systematically
( procedures using event sampling)whatever occurring in the
Institution.
 CASE STUDY REPORT FROM THE SUBJECT:
 In reality situation, the subject joined as an adhoc-lecturer at one
Institution on 8th January 2004. When she joined the post, she
has no warning type of dream. The time when she joined the post
lies the 3rd term.
 It is an experience of the subject which she encountered her first
teaching experience at an academic institution designated as
“Z.”
 she joined as a lecturer (adhoc-basis) at Z on 8th January 2004.
She told that she is very lucky because her colleagues are very
experienced and knowledgeable person. Besides this they are
very much above her age. she felt that she shall learn many
things from them and she learnt very fortunate things and
unfortunate things from them.

103. Continue-1
 As she narrated to the investigator about the
dream and spirit the investigator started
enquiring about the situation at that time. The
spirit she saw in her dream is very much of her
relatives. She started seeing the spirit of three
person; grandfather; brother and nephew. When
I tried to associate her dream to the
circumstances which she encountered in her real
life is surprising. She never had such dream in her
life. When I asked to share her feelings in real life
she started to narrate the following
circumstances

104. Continue-2
 “ the person narrated that she joined one academic institution on
the 8th January 2004. She started dreaming about spirit from
march 2004. In her dream she saw one day the spirit of brother
and nephew. They told to the dreamer’s parents “ Just call back
her, please do not join there.” Then suddenly she opened the
eyes. After waking up if she saw such thing she called first to the
home and narrated what the dream says in her dream and then
taking bathe she prayed GOD. As usual she gone for her duty.
Again twice a week such dream started coming up to the
dreamer. One day also she saw the spirit of brother and nephew
driving and the dreamer shouted if you drived that side we all die,
the place is very slope. But in the dream the dreamer changed
the direction not to fall to the slope. Then she opened the eyes.
When she shared such things to the home and the parents
especially mother suggested before taking meal keep away
something separately to the outside for them. The dreamer is
very religious. She used sing GAYATRI MANTRA and listen such
devotional songs in the tape recorder.

105. Continue-3
 When the dreamer saw such thing, then something
happened in her duty also. but when she analyze the
situation she is under the mystery. How come such
association happen in the dreamer side. One day also in her
dream the spirit of brother and the spirit of nephew
catching the dreamer’s hand not to go to that place. The
dreamer said that she shall go that place and freed herself
from the spirit. In reality also the colleagues of the dreamer
wanted to remove her and she insisted that she has the
qualification and she got the post again. Then the
colleagues started using malpractice strategies to remove
the dreamer. During this period the dreamer started
listening the devotional songs too much so that she never
see such dreams in her life. Sometimes the dreamer woke
up along with Gayatri Mantra in her lips. Sometimes the
situation in the reality is tense the she started seeing the
grandfather also along with brother and nephew.

106. Continue-4
 Earlier such dreams gives her very much anxious
feeling to her but latter when she saturated such
feeling to the reality she realized that she had been
advised by the spirit not to go that place because the
dreamer is no more on that job. Before she got the
termination letter she saw nightmares. The
nightmares tried to kill the dreamer holding in the
neck part. The dreamer in the dream fought to the
nightmares and challenged herself how can you kill
me. She tried to take out the hands of the
nightmares from the neck and suddenly the dreamer
chanted the Gaytri Mantra and as soon as the
dreamer heard the chants the nightmares could hold
the dreamer neck and gone from the dreamer’s life.
Then the dreamer opened the eyes with surprise and
fear. Sometimes she appreciated to the God for
remembering the Gaytri Mantra.

107. Continue-5
 Another dream during this period is that the two
senior colleagues, she saw in her dream. One is
trying to catch her another is trying to send her very
far. In reality it is during the time of interview.
 During this period many professors saw in her
dream. Sometimes when she observes she wants
to give her opinion regarding the dreams. Dreams
says something for your present situation and this
present situation gives you latter prediction for your
future. Now she is working in some other place. She
never seen such dream now a days. Here also
situation is something similar just extended from the
earlier one.

108. Continue-6
 Latter the investigator shall narrate such dreams.
 Interpretation associating to the earlier job: If she
understands earlier such meaning it would be better not to
join the job. Instead if she does higher study it would be
better for her as I assumed. Now it is o.k. but the place
where she is working is only one culture. The place is a
small town. Earlier is the metropolitan. Really surprising
such dream. Whenever someone is planning something she
used to see those plan in the dream. Is it a miracle?
 Sometimes the questions remains from the dream “ why
the spirit said to the dreamer not to go there”?
 “why the brother said to the dreamer’s parents, Call back
her from the place”?
 “Why the spirit laugh very mockery type to the dreamer?”

109. Continue-7
 Second longitudinal case narratives:
 From the end of 2006 to sept 2011,
 Second the case narrative person was appointed as a permanent . here the case
narrative works along with one distinct cultural groups. In the second institution
assigned as “M”, she worked as an external because she comes from another
place. Her colleagues belong to one cultural groups. She works as a neutral
viewpoint. As compared to the earlier institution (Z), M is also have some bi-
cluster type but for common goal, they become one. One difference point
between Z and M is that the latter is permanent point but the case narrative
does not know what logic is going on from the Z’s side. Latter case narrative asks
question like why they did appoint her in M but not Z. Latter it seems to her that
there is some linkage but still not clear. Dream used to come here but not such
warning dream but some colleagues figures come out. In the M Institution
things are more observable how the bi-cluster are going on. One distinct cultural
groups can suppress anyone if she could not interact to another group. When
one group dominated, another group started reacting to the case narrative
person n kept each and every situation in an opaque condition. With the help of
observation, case narrative started approaching to another group, then started
changing scenario. But when bi-cluster groups do such things if they do
something wrong from their side, to cover up their failed plan, they took the
name of case narrative person in front of the third person. But such tactics is still
going on but now does not bring warning type dream. Those dreams the case
narrative can control it to the workplace situation.

110. Continue-8
 The way of their bullying behaviour are more or less same.
But under one same cultural groups, some more be added
as the mentioned above at methodology part. In the
second quite clear that such things will happen because
colleagues may be influenced from either of the bi-cluster
groups of the earlier one institution. In the second
institution dreams come but not warning…sometimes saw
the death brother n son (October 2011) but does not say
anything but looking very angrily.
 Here framing the case narrative in a circle way. But it does
not affect now because the case narrative person believes,
it will d again and again such bullying nature.
 The investigator uses the free association n searching for
repeated themes as an analysis for the content of the
dream. The following the methods used for analyzing the
dream content.

111. Continue-9
 METHODS FOE ANALYZING DREAM CONTENT:
 The four general methods for analyzing dream content include:
 Collecting free associations;
 Finding metaphoric meaning;
 Searching for repeated themes; and
 Quantitative analyses using either rating systems or nominal
( discrete) categories.
 The investigator’s picked up the thematic analysis. It is a third
method of dream analysis, the thematic method, shades off from
metaphoric analysis. It involves repeatedly reading through a
dream series to see if one or more themes emerge. Sometimes
the search is made easier by the presence of one or more
“spotlight” dreams that seem to contain the theme or themes in
an obvious fashion. Along with this thematic analysis the
investigator picked up relevant case behind the dream. She did
careful listening, observing the situation mentioned by the
subjects. This dream analysis is the combined methods of free
association and thematic analysis.

112. Continue-10
 Now the investigator analyzed the case study the following way:
 When the subject got the interview letter from the Z, she also got from
another place. she just dropped the latter interview because at that time
she stayed near to the Z. And she got the news that she was selected on
adhoc-basis but in her mind she thinks that it must be permanent
because she submitted on 2001 in S.C. category. she belonged to S.C.
category. But she got the interview on 2004.
 she joined Z on 8th January 2004. she got her termination letter on 31st
march 2006. During this period she learnt a lot and she learnt how to
rectify the wrong things. Sometimes mistakes happened from every
body but the pre-planned act she did not want if it disturbed the target
person. Because such act goes beyond limit with the help of wrong
strategies but the target person cannot do on that matter because those
who involved in the pre-planned acts are very powerful person and they
have a lot of known person in every direction. If the target person starts
acting suddenly no truth scenario will come. The best way is to tolerate
and observe and many rubbish things will come in your side.
 When she joined, she had no idea about the department, what is going
on that department, why they kept her there? What is the reason behind
that? Etc.

113. Continue-11
 When she analyzed her experience, she is really happy
because she got her first teaching experience from them as
well as she understands how to tolerate in the midst of
politics.
 she just wants to share such feelings how she tolerates. To
frame a person ( very young colleague) it is very easy for
senior people if they have any pre-planned action. she
never knows earlier such pre-planned will target her. Here
dreams are associated with those beautiful plan and
sometimes warning dreams come up that she is giving on
the latter part.But latter their target is to her and latter in
the midst of politics she got her termination letter.
Sometimes I asked myself why they use junior lecturer
( adhoc) as an object. Why did they think about framing to
the younger person? She/he is also someone who wanted
to enhance his/her career in his/her life.

114. Continue-11
 The way they try to frame her is very surprising to her. The
post which she joined in S.C. post is occupied by one female
as she got the news from the place and designated as N.
When she joined she did not understand anything about
the department.
 Some of the colleagues want to bring back N in her post.
Such things she can observe on 16th july 2004 meeting.
Their common goal was to remove her after the third term.
But they cannot do to her. She mentioned that if they want
to remove her, they have to put s.c. category itself. You
know, if you observe in any department , you shall find that
it is very easy to provoke things about the younger
colleague who did not part of their group. Another thing is
that they had 20-30 years of teaching experiences. It means
that other members of the department also have trust
when they provoke any things about the younger one.

115. Continue-12
 Their plan no.
 to remove her after the 3rd term. Giving reasons like not
coming in time, not teaching well, not submitting the
internal assessment, etc. to remove someone is very
difficult once it is appointed. So first try to bring in any type
of issues such issues will come to the staff room ; such
issues are based on the provoking about the junior
colleague; whatever they said has been assumed by other
colleagues of the staff members are true. As she mentioned
they are 20-30 years of teaching experience. They used
their Doctorate pulling their own members in the
department without thinking the career of another
colleague. Such things are exactly happened to her. In her
case they want to remove her sothat they can bring back N.
They cannot do.

116. Continue-13
 why they want to remove her is that in 2005 one
general category is going to be vacant. Keeping N on
the s.c. post till the general category is empty, is
their second plan. If you observe one person can
become permanent if members of the colleagues
supported her . Exactly it happens to some other
candidate.
 Latter they did deep plan. They think to remove
totally to remove her from the post. Because they
think N in the permanent post (2005 vacant post),
thinking another adhoc named G for the post of K.
when the vacant comes up, her s.c. post is for
another s.c. designated S. if they want they can fix
her in another institution, then their plan are quite
successful.

117. Continue-14
 Now the s.c. post is enjoyed by the s.t. person as
she got the news and she enquired about it and it
is true also. Do not you feel shame? Taking out
the s.c. person from the post and keeping s.t. is
very disgusting. Here also she thinks some logic
is there. Whenever she entered the college,
issues started coming up because they did not
want, they want S (s.c.).if they want s, why did
not they keep earlier in the post where she
occupied? What is the reason behind that?
Whenever she observes any institution she can
observe bi-polar politics. she never knew earlier
but latter she can observe.

118. Continue-15
 In her understanding level this bi-polar politics have
some agreements of keeping their own people. One
side want S in her (subject’s) post. Now general
category is empty; earlier they select G instead of N
for the general adhoc basis. Another part wanted for
N but they cannot succeed. That is why in the 27th
March Interview 2006 N came for the post under full
plan to remove the subject,, here their plan is that N
becomes permanent on the general
category(vacancy since 2005), S on the S.C. post and
G on the temporary post ( advertise before one
month before interview). Then they never think for
the subject who worked since 2004. she had been
teaching since 8th January 2004 to march 27th 2006 in
Zakir Husain College. If they want to remove her,
they must restore her earlier in any institution. Very
beautiful experience whatever they did.

119. Continue-16
 As the subject narrated, she met HOD, designated as A in
the 1st week of January 2006 and narrated about the reality
of the Z but she is also under the politics. Any HOD have to
listen story from the Junior colleague also. because in the
midst of politics anything can happen. Those who are
playing politics also think that if they play politics no one
can harm us because each one think that they did not want
to bring their department on the public.
 one day the subject calls up to HOD’s office ( earlier HOD
designated as D) to talk to the previous HOD but she was
absent. she talked to another colleague named CH and
narrated him whatever going there and she told the post
belonged to s.c. and instead of helping he put his research
scholar designated as W in s.c. post ( he belong to s.t. post).
Very funny, mockery of the educational institutions, Z.

120. Continue-17
 Before interview she met deputy registrar, designated as
B, dealing with such Z institutions on the place, twice and
narrated about the reality of the Z. No feedback.
Interesting.
 Lastly she had gone to meet the highest body of such
institution of the nation, but the full power person is out of
station and the P.A. informed her to meet another sir,who
is dealing with the college level. she met him and told him
to cancel the interview on 28th March 2006. but he informed
her that “ you shall become permanent for the S.C. post.”

 Now she understands that if you did not anyone your
feedback it is very difficult to become permanent. Another
thing those who involved such pre-planned action think
that they will succeed whatever they did. But in front of her
such things are not happened. That is why they try to see
her negative points so that they can substantiate her.

121. Continue-18
 When she observes such situation she thinks that instead of
doing research she wants to present scenario and want to
rectify those wrong things on that part.
 Now along with such scenario she was associated the
following dreams also.
 It is about the dream of a person who usually saw the spirit
in her life during Jan 2004 to March 31st 2006. As she
narrated to me about the dream and spirit I started
enquiring about the situation at that time. The spirit she
saw in her dream is very much of her relatives.
 She started seeing the spirit of three person;
grandfather; brother and nephew. When she tried to
associate her dream to the circumstances which she
encountered in her real life is surprising.

122. Continue-19
 Now a days groupism in the higher levels also visible. You know if anyone
commits the crime from their group members they try to save him/her. Here her
suggestion is that now the time has come to reevaluate and keep him/her isolate
from the groupism. If we do such thing we can rectify wrong doings and systems
also can able to maintain.
 Whenever she observe any educational institutions there exists bi-polar type of
politics. Such politics mainly used for their power gain as well so that it is easy for
their career advancement. But she did not want to involve on such bi-polar
politics. She wanst to give those who are sincerely working.
 In the appointment of lectureship or any type of appointment backup is now
the most essential qualification besides their qualification. If you have backup
from the powerful person you are not be one of the targeted person or framed
person. Such things she can observe in during her teaching experiences.
 She thinks now a days one sided information is very harmful to the younger
person because she/he is not given the chance to speak up.
 Another thing people do not want to bring the ugly face of the institutions. That
is why the institutions members want to save the guilty person on this grounds.
Here my suggested is that there is no need of worry. Instead it is good for the
institution to rectify the wrong doers. I feel so. If such rules are kept inside the
institutions it will improve a lot and politics is also reduced.

123. Continue-20
 Another observation is that please give the rules and
regulations of the HOD of any department and please give
one copy to the faculty members.
 As she observes sometimes the news of any department
gave after the expiry and keep the expiry one in the notice
board to focus that it is already in the notice board.
 When in any department giving notice to the faculty
members the office people have to take the signature along
with date for the record whether the notice is getting
timely or not.
 In the second case longitudinal profile, the investigator
reported that due to earlier exposure of such bullying
attitude, the case narrative can able to control n she was
caught less warning dream. In the second case profile, one
different is visible i.e., nature of the job, is permanent.
Earlier, nature of the job is not permanent.

124. Continue-21
 So insecurity may be high while bullying attitude was
happened and such bullying is spreading to the broader
context sothat a negative image can be formed for the case
narrative person. When many senior people started
focusing negative image of the someone’s career, it is
difficult to enter in new setting because such previous work
is highly emphasized. People never looked back the
circumstances for becoming someone’s negative image in
front of the others because person who ever using such
bullying attitude also belong to the power people. And
power people never want to lose prestige they got for a
long period of time. That is why they started using their
group factors, ethnic factors, religion factors n easily such
groups can be easily influenced by the power people.


125. CHAPTER—V : DISCUSSION
 As she narrated to the investigator about the
dream and spirit the investigator started
enquiring about the situation at that time. The
spirit she saw in her dream is very much of her
relatives. She started seeing the spirit of three
person; grandfather; brother and nephew. When
the investigator tried to associate her dream to
the circumstances which she encountered in her
real life is surprising. She never had such dream
in her life.

126. Continue-1
 Dreams says something for your present situation and this present
situation gives you latter prediction for your future. Now she is working
in some other place. She never seen such dream now a days. Here also
situation is something similar just extended from the earlier one.

 Interpretation associating to the earlier job: If she understands earlier
such meaning it would be better not to join the job. Instead if she does
higher study it would be better for her as I assumed. Now it is o.k. but
the place where she is working is only one culture. The place is a small
town. Earlier is the metropolitan. Really surprising such dream.
Whenever someone is planning something she used to see those plan in
the dream. Is it a miracle?
 Sometimes the questions remains from the dream “ why the spirit
said to the dreamer not to go there”?
 “why the brother said to the dreamer’s parents, Call back her from
the place”?
 “Why the spirit laugh very mockery type to the dreamer?”

127. Continue-2
 Dreams are unique. No other individual can have your
background, your emotions, or your experiences. Every dream is
connected with your own “reality”. Thus, in interpreting
someone’s dream, it is important to draw from your personal life
and experiences. A dream unifies the body, mind, and spirit. It
provides you with insight ourselves and a means for self-
exploration. In understanding your dreams, you will have a better
understanding and discovery of your true self.
 In the Greek and Roman eras, dreams were seen in a religious
context and were really direct messages from the Gods or from
the dead. The people of that time look to their dreams for
solutions, on what to do or what course of action to take. They
believed dreams forewarned and predicted the future. Special
shrines were even built where people can go there to sleep and
hope that a message could be passed to them through their
dreams. Their belief in dreams was so strong that it even dictated
the actions of political and military leaders. In fact, dream
interpreters even accompanied military leaders into battle to
help with war strategy.

128. Continue-3
 During the Hellenistic period, the main focus of
dreams was centered around its ability to heal.
Temples, called Asclepieions, were built around the
healing power of dreams. It was believed that sick
people who slept in these temples would be sent
cures through their dreams. It was believed that
dreams offered a vital clue for healers to finding
what was wrong with the dreamer.
 In Egypt, priests also acted as dream interpreters.
The Egyptians recorded their dreams in
Hieroglyphics. People with particular vivid and
significant dreams were believed to be blessed and
were considered special. People who had the power
to interpret dreams were looked up to and seen as
divinely gifted.

129. Continue-4
 In the early 19th century, dreams were dismissed as stemming
from anxiety, a household noise or even indigestion. Hence there
was really no meaning to it. Later on in the 19th century, Sigmund
Freud revived the importance of dreams and its significance and
need for interpretation. He revolutionized the study of dreams.
 Freud’s theory was that although dreams may be prompted by
external stimuli, wish-fulfillment was the root behind most of our
dreams.
 According to Freud, dreams always have a manifest and Latent
content. The manifest content is what the dreams seems to be
saying. It is often bizarre and nonsensical.
 The latent content is what the dream is really trying to say.
Dreams gives us a look into our unconscious. Utilizing the
technique of “free Association”, Freud believed that we can chip
through the dream’s manifest content to reveal the underlying
significance of our dreams and its latent content. In this
technique, you start with one dream symbol and then follow
what comes to your mind next and see where it leads.

130. Continue-5
 The investigator never accept sex was the root cause of what was
happening in your dreams. According to the investigator, the root cause
of the dream may be different depending upon the circumstances. But
the investigator believes the existence of unconscious.
 Alfred Adler (1870-1937) believed that dreams were an important vehicle
to mastering control over our waking lives. They were problem solving
devices. Dreams need to be brought to conscious light and interpreted
so that we can better understand and solve our problems. It is important
to learn from our dreams and incorporate them into our waking life.
Because of Adler’s belief that dreams were correlated with the problems
in our daily life, he further went on to say that the more dreams we
have, then the more problems we are likely to have. And thus the less
dreams we have, then the less problems we have and more
psychologically healthy we are.
 Unlike, Freud, Adler believed that control, power, and motivation were
the driving force behind behaviour, not sexual impulses. Furthermore,
he didnot think that our actions and behaviour or rules by our
unconscious, but rather the strive for perfection and need for control is
what cause us to do the things we do. In fact, Adler did not believe that
the conscious and unconscious functioned against each other. We acted
the same way whether we are awake or sleeping.

131. Continue-6
 Adler saw dreams as a way of overcompensating for the shortcomings in our
waking life. For example, if a person is unable to stand up to their boss, then he
or she may feel more comfortable ( and safely) to lash out their anger at the boss
in a dream. Dreams offer some sort of satisfaction that may be more socially
acceptable.
 Like Freud, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1960) believed in the existence of the
unconscious. However, he didn’t see the unconscious as animalistic, instinctual,
or sexual; he saw it as more spiritual. Dreams were a way of communicating and
acquainting ourselves with the unconscious. Dreams were not attempts to
conceal out true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they were a window
to our unconscious. They served to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness.
Dreams offered a solution to a problem we are facing in our waking life.
 Jung believed that archetypes such as the animus, the anima, the shadow, and
others manifested themselves in dreams, as dream symbols or figures. Such
figures could take the form of an old man, a young maiden or a giant spider as
the case may be. Each represents an unconscious attitude that is largely hidden
to the conscious mind. Although an integral part of the dreamers psyche, these
manifestations were largely autonomous and were perceived by the dreamer to
be external personages. Acquaintance with the archetypes as manifested by
these symbols serve to increase one’s awareness of unconscious attitudes,
integrating seemingly disparate parts of the psyche and contributing to the
process of holistic self understanding he considered paramount.

132. Continue-7
 Since dreams were a way of communicating with the
unconscious, Jung felt that the imageries in dreams
were a way of revealing something about ourselves,
our relationships with others, and situations in our
waking life. Dreams guided our personal growth and
helped to self achieve our potential. He also believed
that the dream’s manifest content is just as
significant and revealing as the latent content. Often
discussing what is currently going on in your life,
helps to interpret and unlock the cryptic and bizarre
images of your dreams. The meaning of your dreams
is a personal judgement and is up to you on how to
interpret them. whatever interpretation felt right to
you is most significant and more important than
what someone else thinks or believes.

133. Continue-8
 Perls believed that it is important to retell your dream in
the present tense and act it out. It is important to verbalize
how each and every component in your dream feels, even
inanimate objects. Re-enact the dream and take on the role
of the different characters and objects. Start a dialogue
with the dream object and express how you feel toward
each other. By taking on a different role within your dream
and re-enact it, you may then be able to acknowledge and
realize feelings that you may have overlooked or buried.
 In 1954, Calvin S. Hall developed a theory of dreams in
which dreaming is considered to be a cognitive process.
Hall argued that a dream was simply a thought or sequence
of thoughts that occurred during sleep, and that dream
images are visual representations of personal conceptions.
For example, if one dreams of being attacked by friends,
this may be a manifestation of fear of friendship.

134. Continue-9
 Faraday, et al. (1970) focused on the application of dreams to
situations occurring in one’s life.
 Edgar Cayce claimed that through dreaming, people are given
access to their spirit, and further, that all possible questions could
be answered from the inner consciousness given the proper
awareness.
 A shamanistic model of dream work gained some popularity in
the consciousness movement through the work of two dream
researchers and authors, Ariadne Green and Stanley Krippner.
 In Ariadne Green’s model, dreama are viewed as coming from
three interior worlds, the upper world, lower world and the
middle world, honouring the indigenous shaman’s perspective on
the terrain of the soul. Some dream characters are viewed as
messengers who bring insights and gifts of wisdom from the
divine realms while others enter the stage to bring new insights
into the dreamer’s personality. Animals in dreams are viewed as
powerful archetypes from the lower world that initiate the
dreamer and lend spiritual power and healing potentials.

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 In Indian psychology, dreams are considered to be presentative
cognition during sleep, though they have no objective
counterpart in reality. Some of them are peripherally excited and
others are centrally excited. The peripherally excited may be
called the dream-illusion and the centrally excited as dream-
hallucination, after James Sully.
 According to Nagasena, Dreams is a kind of suggestion coming
across the path of the mind.
 Barbara Vann and Neil Alperstein(Jan.,2000) exploratory study
suggests that dream sharing is a part of everyday social
interaction, with the primary purpose of entertainment. There
are gender differences with regard to dream sharing, and this
sharing involves the utilization of social practices whereby
individuals may protect themselves and others through deciding
whether or not to share a dream. The study describes dream
sharing as a social act that is negotiated based on the social rules
regarding what topics friends and other intimates share in public
or private.