1. WELCOME
Text Box
SUBMITTED
BY,
PRASEEDHA.P.S
NATURAL
SCIENCE

2. THINKING

3. As humanbeings we think all the time...
Most of our thinking takes little or no
concious effort.We just do it.
You could almost say that we think with
out thinking.
Thinking therefore represents the most
complex and subtile of psychological
processes

4. Imagination is supposed to be the
simplest and most basic form of
thinking

5. Nature of Thinking

6. As has already been mentioned, early
philosophical psychologist tended to
look upon thinking as a faculty or a
primary mental ability.
John watson,the leader of the school of
behaviourism struck out on a totally
different path.According to him thought
or thinking was essentially motor in
nature involving the movement of every
fine muscles in the throat and laryngial
region

7. Watson said that thinking is nothing
but silent talking or implicit speech.

8. Types of
thinking

9. CONCRETE OR
PERCEPTUAL THINKING
IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF
THINKING.
THE BASIS OF THIS TYPE OF
THINKING IS PERCEPTION.
IT IS ALSO CALLED CONCRETE
THINKING AS IT IS CARRIED OUT
ON THE PERCEPTION OF ACTUAL
OR CONCRETE OBJECTS AND
EVENTS.

10. REFLECTIVE THINKING
a) THIS IS SOME WHAT HIGHER FORM OF THINKING.
b) IT AIMS AT SOLVING COMPLEX RATHER THAN SIMPLE
PROBLEMS.
c) IT REQUIRE REORGANIZATION OF ALL THE RELEVENT
EXPERIENCES AND THE FINDING OF NEW WAYS OF
REACTING TO A SITUATION OR OF REMOVING AN OBSTACLE
INSTEAD OF A SIMPLE ASSOCIATION OF EXPERIENCES OR
IDEAS
d) MENTAL ACTIVITY IN REFLECTIVE THINKING DOESNOT
INVOLVE THE MECHANICAL TRIAL AND ERROR TYPE OF
EFFORTS. THERE IS AN INSIGHTFUL CGNITIVE APPROACH
IN REFLECTIVE THINKING
e) IT TAKES ALL THE RELEVENT FACTS ARRANGED IN A
LOGICAL ORDER IN TO ACCOUNT IN ORDER TO ARRIVE AT
A SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM IN HAND

11. ABSTRACT THINKING OR
CONCEPTUAL THINKING
THIS DOES NOT REQUIRE THE
PERCEPTION OF ACTUAL OBJECTS OR
EVENTS.
IT IS REGARDED AS BEING SUPERIOR
TO PERCEPTUAL THINKING AS IT
ECONOMIZES EFFORTS IN
UNDERSTANDING AND PROBLEM
SOLVING

12. A. THE STUDENT CERTAINLY MUST HAVE COME ACROSS THE
TERMS CREATIVITY,
CREATIVETHINKING,etc.
B. HE MUST HAVE COME ACROSS THE NAMES OF
CREATIVE SCIENTS,ARTISTS AND WRITERS
LIKE GALILEO, NEWTON ,LEONARDO, DA
VINGI,SHAKESPEARE, KALIDASA AND MANY
OTHERS.

13. CONVERGENT THINKING
ACCORDING TO GILFORD,TRADITIONAL INTELLIGENCE
GENARALLY DEALS WITH DAY TODAY PROBLEM SOLVING
ACTIVITIES, MAINLY INVOLVING CONVERGENT THINKING
WHICH INVOLVES THE DIRECTION OF ALL THOUGHT
PROCESS IN ONE SINGLE DIRECTION.
IT IS RATIONAL & LINEAR

14. DIVERGENT THINKING
WHILE A DIVERGENT THINKER STARTS FROM EXISTING
KNOWLEDGE, THE THOUGHT PROCESSES PROCEED IN
DIFFEREND DIRECTIONS, AND ARE NOT LIMITED OR BOUND
BY EXISTING KNOWLEDGE.
THE DIVERGENT THINKER HAS AN OPEN MIND.
HE IS NOT CONTROLLED BY THE BELIEF THAT THERE IS
“ONE BEST SOLUTION” TO ANY PROBLEM OR “THE CORRECT
ANSWER” TO ANY QUESTION.